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A  CONCISE 


MANUAL  OF  STYLE 


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Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/concisemanualofsOOreedricli 


A  CONCISE 

MANUAL  OF  STYLE 

REVISED      EDITION 
By 

H.  Allan'  reed 


COMPILED  FOR  USE  IN  THE  PRINTING  HOUSE 

OF  THE 

AMERICAN  BAPTIST  PUBLICATION  SOCIETY 

'  FRANK  A.  GODARD,  Superintendent 


PHILADELPHIA 
1920 


POINT 

SYSTEM 

3>4  point, 

Brilliant. 

4K^ 

point, 

Diamond. 

5 

point, 

Pearl. 

5>^  point, 

Agate. 

•;  .^ 

point, 

Nonpareil. 

'"'f 

point. 

Minion. 

'/''^'^ 

{pbint. 

Brevier. 

9 

point. 

Bourgeois. 

10 

point, 

Long  Primer. 

11 

point, 

Small  Pica. 

12 

point, 

Pica. 

1mm 

SCHOOL 


Copyright,   1920,  by  H.   ALLAN    REED 


CONTENTS  LiD^ARY 

SCHOOL 
INTRODUCTORY  „ „.--      7 

I.  GENERAL  RULES 9-11 

Compositors  and  Operators.  Temporary  headlines. 
Untimely  criticism.  Illustrations.  Maps.  Poetical 
and  other  extracts.  Proof-readers.  Editorial  Assis- 
tance. 

II.  ABBREVIATIONS  _ 12-15 

Addresses.  Apocrypha.  Associations,  Societies, 
Unions.  Books  of  the  Bible.  Christian  Names. 
Clock  Time.  Contractions.  Dates.  Degrees.  Firm 
Names.  Geographical  (names).  Latin  Words. 
Months.  MS.  and  P.  S.  Numbers.  Railroads.  Ref- 
erences (Scripture).  Revised  Version.  Saints.  Sov- 
ereigns.    States    (names   of).     Temperature.     Titles. 

III.  CAPITALIZATION 15-24 

A  B  C's.  Adjectives  and  Verbs  from  foreign  lan- 
guages. Ages  and  Periods  (geological  and  histori- 
cal). Appendix.  Associations,  Conventions,  Socie- 
ties, and  Unions.  Books  of  the  Bible.  Captions. 
Chapter.  Church.  City.  Committee.  Common- 
wealth. Confession.  Deity.  Derived  Names  and 
Nicknames.  Ecclesiastical.  Epistolary  Addresses. 
Flag.  Foreign  Names.  Geographical  (names).  Gov- 
ernment. Historical  (epochs,  documents,  etc.).  Holi- 
days. Honorary  Degrees  and  Titles.  Hymns.  In- 
itials. Inscriptions  (under  illustrations).  Legislative 
Bodies.  Lesson  Studies.  Nations  and  States.  O  and 
Oh.  Organizations  (corporate  bodies).  Personifica- 
tion. Political  Parties.  President.  Proper  Nouns 
used  as  Adjectives.  Public  Buildings.  Race  Designa- 
tions. Roman  Numerals.  Scientific  Names  (natural 
order,  genus,  etc.).  School.  Scripture  Names  and 
Terms.    Seasons.     Signatures  (to  documents).    State. 


456532 


Contents 


Street.  Sunday  school  and  Teacher-training.  S.  S. 
Departments.  "The"  (as  part  of  name).  Time. 
Titles.     U.  S.  Service  and  Departments.     War. 

IV.  CONSOLIDATION  AND  HYPHENATION  „...24-43 

Explanation  of  method  used.  Several  words  com- 
pounded to  form  an  adjective.  Indian  names.  Ad- 
verbs in  "  ly."  Emphasis  a  guide.  Alphabetical  list 
of  words  that  should  be  consolidated.  Alphabetical 
list  of  words  that  take  the  hyphen  when  com- 
pounded. List  of  words  that  should  not  be  com- 
pounded. 

V.  CREDITS  43, 44 

Style  to  be  used  in  periodicals.  Style  to  be  used  In 
books. 

VI.  DIVISIONS  44-49 

General  rules.  Suffixes.  List  of  eight  hundred 
sample  words  divided,  alphabetically  arranged. 

VII.  FIGURES  _ _ _.. 49-52 

"  General  "  versus  "  Statistical  "  matter.  Decimals. 
Degrees.  Dimensions,  Distances,  and  Measures. 
Footnotes.     Fractions.    Time. 

VIII.  FOOTNOTES    _ 52,  53 

Abbreviations.  Capitalization.  Superior  figures.  Au- 
thor's, Editor's,  and  Translator's  Notes. 

IX.  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES  53-55 

French:  accents;  adjectives;  elisions;  capitalization; 
divisions.  Italian:  accents;  elisions;  adjectives;  divi- 
sions; diphthongs.  Spanish:  mark  of  interrogation; 
exclamation-point;  dieresis;  fi  a  member  of  the  al- 
phabet; acute  accent;  adjectives;  ch,  11,  and  rr  single 
consonants;  divisions;  diphthongs;  ordinals. 

X.  INITIALS    55-58 

Marked  in  copy  for  books.     Not  used  in  editorials 

of  periodicals.     Spacing  for  initials.     Key  to  spacing. 


Contents 


XI.  ITALIC  58-60 

Excessive  use.  Foreign  Words.  Foreign  sentences. 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.  Foreign  words  and 
phrases  followed  by  translation.  Foreign  personal 
appellations.  Italic  punctuation-marks.  Responsive 
and  Dramatic  Readings.  Titles  (following  signa- 
tures). 

XII.  NOTATION   60 

Numerals  used  as  adjectives,  as  nouns,  and  as  ad- 
verbs of  time.     Order  of  notation. 

XIII.  PROOF-READER'S  MARKS 61,62 

Sample  page.    Key  to  Proof-reader's  Marks. 

XIV.  PUNCTUATION  63-69 

What    punctuation    is    for.      Accents.      Apostrophe: 

A  B  C's;  P's  and  Q's;  omission  of  "s"  in  singular 
possessive;  "printer's  ink";  "state  rights";  "state's 
evidence";  "somebody's  else";  "oneself."  Brack- 
ets: use  restricted;  useful  in  dramatic  readings. 
Colon:  when  demanded;  addresses;  references. 
Comma:  with  conjunction  "and";  in  connection  with 
"  again,"  "  also,"  "  beside,"  "  for,"  "  however,"  "  now," 
"  of  course,"  "  oh,"  "  so,"  "  still,"  "  therefore,"  "  too," 
"verily,"  and  "why";  omit  in  "Oh  dear!"  and 
"Mother  dear";  with  adverbs  and  verbs;  preceding 
short  quotations;  demanded  at  times  by  common 
sense.  Dash:  Cobbett's  opinion;  De  Vinne  on 
comma-dash  and  colon-dash;  with  initials;  two-em 
dash;  en  dash  in  place  of  hyphen.  Exclamation- 
point:  sentences  should  be  really  exclamatory;  fre- 
quently misused.  Hyphen:  after  adjectives;  refer- 
ences; dates;  cooperation,  preempt,  reelect,  etc.; 
Palestinian  names.  Parentheses:  references;  notes; 
interpolations.  Period:  after  Roman  numerals;  on 
title-pages;  display  matter;  elisions  of  words  and 
passages;  elisions  of  lines  of  poetry;  omit  in  nick- 
names. Quotation-marks:  nicknames;  animals; 
boats;  cars;  ships;  quotations  within  quotations;  out- 
side of  punctuation;  Golden  Texts;  Memory  Verses; 
extracts;  book  and  article  mentioned  together;  cred- 
its;   Bible,    Homer,    Virgil,    Caesar,    Vedas,    and    en- 


Contents 


cyclopedias.  References:  simple;  composite;  chap- 
ters only;  proof-readers  not  expected  to  verify. 
Scripture  Selections:  must  conform  literally  to  ver- 
sion used  as  copy;  Revised  version.  Semicolon:  in 
simple  sentences;  where  phrases  are  nearly  or  quite 
complete  in  themselves;  in  references. 

XV.  SIGNATURING 69 

Methods  employed.     1.   Figures.     2.   Letters. 

XVI.  SPACING 69-71 

Elisions.  Em-quadrats.  Single  Letter  Abbrevi- 
ations.    Poetry.     Quotations.     References. 

XVII.  SPELLING 71-73 

A  and  An.  Accents.  Afterward,  Backward,  For- 
ward, Toward.  Awhile.  Beside.  Bible  Names. 
Chemicals,  Formulae.  Diphthong.  "  Ei  "  and  "  ie." 
Farther,  Further.  Foreign  Words,  Latin  form  in 
plurals  of  English  words.  "  Ful  "  and  "  fuls."  Geo- 
graphical. Illiterate  Phraseology  and  Slang.  Mis- 
cellaneous.    Phonetic  Spelling. 

XVIII.  SAMPLE  INDICES  _._ 73 

Half-measure.  Broad  measure.  Samples.  Titles  in 
index  work. 

XIX.  SAMPLES,  BIBLIOGRAPHY 74 

Plain  style.  Elaborate  style,  useful  at  end  of  chap- 
ters or  sections  of  a  book. 

XX.  SAMPLE  LIST  OF  CHARACTERS 74 

XXI.  SAMPLE    LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 74 

XXII.  SAMPLES,   TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 74, 75 

Style  frequently  employed.  Style  showing  general 
divisions  of  a  book.  An  elaborate  form.  Plain  style 
for  pamphlets. 


INTRODUCTORY 


There  is  no  one  final  authority  that  may  be  appealed  to  by 
the  printer  in  disputed  points  of  capitalization,  punctuation, 
spelling,  and  the  compounding  and  division  of  words.  The 
teaching  of  the  special  treatises  on  these  subjects  is  so  widely 
divergent  that  an  attempt  has  been  made  here  to  put  in  con- 
crete form  a  number  of  rules  that  will  assist  in  preserving 
uniformity  of  style  in  typographical  composition.  It  is  need- 
less to  say  that  this  embodiment  of  rules  is  not  exhaustive, 
and  that  much  has  been  left  to  the  judgment  and  experience 
of  the  compositor  and  proof-reader.  As  a  convenient  start- 
ing-point, the  rulings  of  the  Standard  Dictionary  have  been 
followed  generally,  although  office  decisions  frequently  differ 
from  that  authority. 

The  specimen  words  found  under  the  captions  "Consolida- 
tion," "  Hyphenation,"  and  "  Division  "  will  be  found  useful 
in  indicating  the  treatment  of  words  of  similar  construction 
not  mentioned  in  these  lists. 

It  must  be  clearly  understood  that  while  the  rules  given  in 
this  Manual  are  to  be  generally  observed,  cases  are  bound  to 
occur  where  it  may  be  considered  necessary  to  deviate  from 
the  rule.  So  far  as  possible,  in  such  cases,  special  instruc- 
tions will  accompany  copy.  Sometimes,  however,  the  proof 
will  convey  the  notice  of  temporary  change  of  procedure. 
Such  exceptional  departures  from  the  usual  style  must  not  be 
considered  as  a  precedent  or  as  invalidating  any  rule  herein 
given.  Every  doubtful  point  that  may  arise  cannot  be  spe- 
cifically treated  here,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  rules  laid 
down  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  majority  of  such  cases. 


I.  GENERAL  RULES 


Compositors  and  Operators.  Operators  must  not  take 
proofs  of  slugs  they  set,  renovate  old  matrices,  nor  attempt 
to  repair  their  machines. 

All  accidents,  irregularities  of  action,  breakage,  etc.,  should 
at  once  be  reported  to  the  machinist,  whose  duty  it  is  to  rec- 
tify such  troubles. 

A  clean  proof  is  one  mark  of  superior  workmanship.  See 
that  a  new  error  is  not  made  while  correcting  an  old  one. 
This  is  especially  important  in  correcting  proofs  for  press  or 
foundry. 

Proofs  should  be  corrected  promptly. 

When  corrections  are  needed  for  forms  that  are  being 
made  ready  for  press  or  foundry  it  will  be  the  duty  of  any 
operator  having  on  his  machine  the  font  and  measure  re- 
quired, to  make  such  corrections  at  once  on  request  of  the 
hand  engaged  on  the  work. 

When  an  operator  has  a  number  of  proofs  of  the  same 
book  or  periodical  to  correct  at  one  time,  a  proof  of  the  cor- 
rected slugs  should  be  taken  to  the  proof-room.  When  the 
corrections  are  few  in  number,  the  operator  should  take  time 
to  see  that  his  slugs  are  free  from  errors  before  allowing 
them  to  leave  his  hands,  and  the  stone-hand  receiving  the 
slugs  should  examine  them,  and  if  an  error  is  detected  a  true 
slug  should  be  cast  at  onc'e. 

In  correcting  page  and  double-galley  proofs,  operators 
should  correct  errors  in  one  page  or  columji,  seriatim,  before 
commencing  on  the  next. 

Operators  must  not  ignore  the  reader's  correction  of  tem- 
porary headlines.  When  errors  are  not  corrected  they  are 
liable  to  reappear  in  the  permanent  head. 

Untimely  criticism  of  and  trivial  debates  on  a  proof-reader's 
markings  are  worse  than  useless.  Correct  the  proofs.  The 
reader  is  responsible. 

Compositors  and  operators  must  not  mark  or  make  era- 
sures on  proofs.  When  doubt  arises  on  points  not  treated 
here,  advice  must  be  sought  in  the  proof-room,  and  except 
where  further  information  is  genuinely  needed,  the  reader's 
marks  corrected  without  question. 


JO    "     •  ' '  • '''.'  -. '  'Genfe^al  Rules 


After  correcting  a  proof  the  stone-hand  should  carefully 
revise  his  work  before  pulling  another  proof. 

In  making  up,  stone-hands  must  not  allow  a  paragraph  to 
end  at  the  top  of  a  column  or  page  of  a  book,  even  if  spaced 
to  full  measure.  Book  pages  should  not  go  long  or  short,  if 
editor  is  willing  to  amend  the  text. 

Full-page  illustrations  and  maps  that  are  too  wide  to  be 
regularly  placed  should  be  made  up  with  head  to  outside  of 
page.  Where  two  such  cuts  occur,  the  one  on  an  even  folio 
and  the  other  on  the  following  page,  the  head  of  the  second 
should  be  made  up  with  head  to  the  inner  margin  of  the  page. 

Proof-readers.  Readers  will  remember  that  it  often  re- 
quires as  good  judgment  to  know  when  not  to  make  a  mark 
as  when  to  make  it,  and  arbitrary  changes  of  punctuation, 
etc.,  that  involve  trouble  and  expense,  should  be  avoided. 
Punctuation  should  be  changed  only  where  the  sense  is  made 
clearer  thereby,  or  where  in  the  same  article  a  lack  of 
consistency  is  apparent.  In  a  proof  showing  unimportant  de- 
viations from  office  style,  corrections  involving  a  great  deal 
of  labor  should  not  be  made  without  consulting  the  foreman. 

It  is  the  proof-reader's  first  duty  to  correct  typographical 
errors,  not  to  pass  on  a  writer's  crudities  or  infelicities  of 
style.  So  far  as  the  latter  are  concerned,  in  the  absence  of 
obvious  errors  the  proof-reader  must  see  that  copy  is  fol- 
lowed. Should  a  palpable  anachronism  or  misstatement  or 
ambiguous  passage  occur  in  copy,  a  query  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  editor  by  the  proof-reader,  calling  attention  to 
the  item,  such  query  being  plainly  but  briefly  written  on  the 
proof,  and  it  will  be  the  duty  of  the  reviser  to  copy  such 
query  on  the  editor's  or  author's  proof.  If  this  is  not  feasi- 
ble, as  in  the  case  of  some  periodical  proofs,  a  brief  mem- 
orandum, giving  name  of  article  and  subject  of  query,  should 
be   handed   to    the    foreman    for   transmission    to    the    editor. 

The  reader  must  at  once  inform  an  operator  of  T;he  dis- 
covery of  imperfect  or  wrong-font  matrices. 

For  office  convenience,  proof-readers  will  keep  on  file  all 
proofs  and  copy  until  several  months  after  publication. 

Editorial  Assistance.  There  are  several  ways  in  which 
editors  may  help  the  printer — such  help  generally  resulting 
in  a  better  typography  and  a  reduction  of  expenses.  Here 
are  a  few  suggestions: 


General  Rules  1 1 


1.  Cutting  Out  Excess  Matter.  If  several  lines  are  to  be  ex- 
cised, the  least  expensive  way  is  to  cut  out  a  small  paragraph 
bodily,  or,  if  this  is  not  advisable,  to  make  the  cut  as  near  the 
end  of  a  paragraph  as  possible.  To  cut  a  word  here  and 
there  generally  means  the  resetting  of  entire  paragraphs. 

2.  Alterations  and  Adding  New  Lines.  Count  the  words.  Any 
other  way  is  only  guesswork.  E.  g.,  if  the  words  in  a  certain 
work  average  say  twelve  per  line,  and  three  additional  lines 
are  needed,  write  thirty-six  words.  And  thus,  also,  in  replac- 
ing words  and  sentences.  If  five  words  are  removed,  the 
substitution  of  five  words  will  be  the  only  economical  method. 
So  far  as  alterations  are  concerned,  editing  the  copy  rather 
than  the  proof  means  economy.  Where  alterations  must  be 
made,  the  changes  preferably  should  be  marked  on  the  gal- 
ley proofs.  If,  however,  they  are  required  in  pages  already 
made  up,  to  avoid  laborious  overrunning  of  paragraphs  and 
remaking  of  pages  the  number  of  words  deleted  should  be 
counted  and,  where  possible,  the  same  number  of  words 
supplied  in  the  new  matter.  In  furnishing  copy  to  produce 
an  article  or  pamphlet  of  a  given  size,  the  number  of  words 
required  should  be  ascertained  and  the  MS.  limited  to  that  number. 

3.  Placing  of  Illustrative  Cuts.  In  making  up  dummies  for 
periodicals,  where  a  cut  is  pasted,  see  that  room  is  left  on  the 
page  for  the  matter  displaced  by  the  cut.  This  procedure 
seems  so  obvious  as  to  make  mention  of  it  useless,  yet  it  is 
often  forgotten,  or  the  matter  to  be  displaced  incorrectly 
measured.  So  far  as  possible,  cuts  should  be  placed  either 
above  or  below  the  fold  of  the  page.  This  is  especially  true 
of  dark  or  fine-screen  half-tones — otherwise  there  is  a  risk 
that,  in  passing  through  the  folding  machine,  an  offset  may 
occur  that  will  blur  both  the  picture  and  the  page  folded  on  it. 

4.  Changing  Location  of  Cuts.  Where  matter  is  run  around 
cuts,  a  change  of  location  always  means  a  resetting  of  all 
lines  touching  the  cut,  and  frequently  many  more.  Where 
there  are  numerous  cuts,  many  changes  may  involve  the  re- 
setting of  the  entire  work,  and  the  remaking  of  all  the  pages, 
thus  doubling  the  original  cost. 

5.  Foundry  Proofs.  A  proof  marked  "  Foundry,"  or  simply 
"  fy,"  means  that  a  plate  of  the  matter  has  been  made  and 
that  corrections  will  be  laborious  and  expensive.  All  unnec- 
essary changes  should  be  avoided  and  only  errors  marked  for 
correction. 


12  Abbreviations 


II.  ABBREVIATIONS 

Addresses.  John  Jones,  Colorado;  John  Jones,  Goldburg, 
Colo.  Where  the  city  or  town  is  given  the  state  name  should 
be  abbreviated,  not  otherwise.  Omit  Rev.  when  used  with 
D.  D.,  as  Wayland  Hoyt,  D.  D.  This  applies  only  to  D.  D., 
as  Rev.  Dr.  Wayland  Hoyt  and  Rev.  James  White,  Ph.  D., 
are  appropriate.  Use  Esq.  for  esquire;  Jr.  and  Sr.  for  junior 
and  senior;  James  M.  Wilson,  3d,  not  "third." 

Apocrypha.  1  Esdras,  2  Esdras,  Tobit,  Judith,  Esther,  Wis- 
dom of  Solomon,  Ecclesiasticus,  Baruch,  Song  of  the  Three 
Holy  Children,  History  of  Susanna,  Bel  and  the  Dragon, 
Manasses,  1  Maccabees,  2  Maccabees.  These  are  best  spelled 
out,  with  the  exception  of  Ecclus.  (Ecclesiasticus),  1  Mace, 
and  2  Mace. 

Associations  and  Unions.  Except  where  otherwise  di- 
rected, in  general  matter,  when  names  of  well-known  organi- 
zations are  abbreviated  in  copy,  as  B.  Y.  P.  U.  and  Y.  M. 
C.  A.,  these  should  be  spelled  out;  but  follow  copy  in  lesson 
papers,  or  where  used  very  frequently  or  colloquially,  and 
where  there  seems  to  be  a  special  reason  for  abbreviation. 
See  III. 

Books  of  the  Bible.  When  necessary  to  abbreviate,  as  in 
references,  use  the  following  method:  Gen.,  Exod.,  Lev., 
Num.,  Deut.,  Josh.,  Judg.,  1  and  2  Sam.,  1  and  2  Chron.,  Neh., 
Ps.,  Prov.,  Eccl.,  Isa.,  Jer.,  Lam.,  Ezek.,  Dan.,  Obad.,  Hab., 
Zeph.,  Hag.,  Zech.,  Mai,  Matt.,  Rom.,  1  and  2  Cor.,  Gal.,  Eph., 
Phil.,  Col.,  1  and  2  Thess.,  1  and  2  Tim.,  Philem.,  Heb.,  Rev. 
Do  not  abbreviate  Ruth,  Kings,  Ezra,  Esther,  Job,  Song  of 
Solomon,  Hosea,  Joel,  Amos,  Jonah,  Micah,  and  Nahum,  in 
the  Old  Testament,  and  Mark,  Luke,  John,  Acts,  Titus, 
James,  Peter,  and  Jude  in  the  New  Testament. 

Christian  Names.  Abbreviations  are  only  allowable  in  sig- 
natures. Do  not  use  apostrophe,  but  set  thus:  Edwd.,  Thos., 
etc. 

Clock  Time.  10  a.  m.,  12  ra.,  2.30  p.  m.;  8.45  to  11  a.  m.; 
5  to  10.30  p.  m.;  12  midnight.  When  a.  m.  and  p.  m.  are  not 
used,  spell  out,  as  "  two-thirty,"  "  six  twenty-five,"  etc.  See 
HI  and  VII,  "Time,"  and  XIV,  "Hyphen." 


Abbreviations  13 


Contractions.  Omit  space  before  apostrophe  in  such  words 
as  it's,  they're,  you'll.  Omit  space  in  the  colloquialisms  aren't 
(not  "aren't"),  'twas  (not  "'twas"),  'twill  (not  "'twill"). 
The  origin  of  these  contractions  is  so  obvious  as  to  render 
the  use  of  a  space  superfluous.     See  XIV,  "  Apostrophe." 

Dates.  Set  as  follows:  November  3,  not  3d;  on  the  third 
of  November,  not  on  the  3d  of  Nov.  Where  it  is  desired  to 
express  the  century  date  in  roman  numerals,  use  a  simple 
form,  as  MCM  for  1900.  Except  where  a  condensed  com- 
mercial-letter form  is  demanded,  spell  out  ultimo,  instant, 
proximo,  as  well  as  the  numeral:  sixth  instant,  not  6th  inst. 
"  In  the  year  1540,  A.  D."  is  tautological.  Set  "  In  A.  D. 
1540."    See  III,  "Time." 

Degrees.  Honorary  degrees  are  always  abbreviated  when 
preceded  by  a  name,  as  B.  D.,  D.  D.,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Ph.  D., 
D.  C.  L.,  etc.     See  III. 

Figures..    See  VII. 

Firm  Names.  J.  Jones  &  Co.,  Inc.;  Jones  &  Bros.,  Lim., 
but  Jones  Brothers;  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Salt  Company; 
Reading  Flour  and  Feed  Company;  Powell  &  Co.,  but  Powell 
Company.  In  literary  and  musical  companionships  use 
"  and,"  as  Gilbert  and  Sullivan. 

Geographical.  In  names  of  places  abbreviate  Saint:  St. 
Louis,  St.  Paul.  Spell  out  Fort  and  Mount,  as  Fort  Wayne, 
Mount  Vernon,  except  where  it  i^  necessary  to  economize 
space.  Allusions  to  cities  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  when 
followed  by  name  of  province,  may  be  set  thus:  Winnipeg, 
Man.;  Toronto,  Ont.  (or  Can.);  Vancouver,  B.  C;  Halifax, 
N.  S.  Spell  out  all  other  foreign  addresses,  as  Melbourne, 
Australia;  Calais,  France. 

Latin  Words.  Abbreviate  and  set  in  roman  as  follows: 
e.  g.  for  exempli  gratia;  f.  for  "  following "  ^  (to  distinguish 
from  ff.,  for  fecerunt,  etc.)  ;  ibid,  for  ibidem;  i.  e.  for  id  est; 
loc.  cit.  for  loco  citato;  N.  B.  for  nota  bene;  op.  cit.  for  opere 
citato;  vs.  for  versus;  pro  tem  (omit  period,  as  this  term  is 
practically  anglicized)  for  pro  tempore;  seq.  (not  sq.)  for 
sequentes;  per  cent  (omit  period)  ;  viz.  ior  videlicet.  Spell  out 
ex  officio  and  vice  versa.     See  XI,  "  Foreign  Words." 

Months.  If  necessary  to  abbreviate,  use  Jan.,  Feb.,  Mar., 
Apr.,  Aug.,  Sept.,  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec.  June  and  July  are  best 
not  abbreviated;  March  and  April  seldom. 


14  Abbreviations 


MS.  and  P.  S.  When  the  words  "  manuscript "  and  "  post 
scriptiim"  are  abbreviated,  set  thus:  MS.,  MSS.  (plural),  and 
P.  S. 

Numbers.  Use  No.  when  preceding  a  serial  number,  as 
File  No,  421.  In  lines  of  caps  where  No.  occurs  before  fig- 
ures, invariably  small-cap  the  "  o." 

Railroads.  In  ordinary  matter,  unless  otherwise  instructed, 
spell  out  names  of  railroads,  using  &  where  "  and  "  is  called 
for.  When  abbreviated,  use  R.  R.  for  railroad  and  Ry.  for 
railway.  The  abbreviated  form  is  permissible  when  used  very 
frequently  or  colloquially  in  an  article  or  a  book:  "  I  am  go- 
ing by  the  D.  L,  &  W," 

References.  Scripture  references  that  accompany  lesson- 
topic  headlines  should  be  abbreviated  according  to  the  sched- 
ule given  under  "Books  of  the  Bible,"  e,  g,,  1  Cor,  3:1; 
Exod,  2:4;  9  :  17;  with  the  exception  that  when  the  chapter 
only  is  given,  the  name  of  book  should  be  spelled  out,  as 
Jeremiah  6  (not  Jeremiah,  chapter  6,  unless  by  editorial  di- 
rection). Spell  out  also  when  book,  chapter,  and  verse  actu- 
ally form  part  of  a  sentence,  as  "  This  is  plainly  taught  in 
Isaiah  40  :  1,"  "  We  find  these  words  in  verses  4-6."  In  ordi- 
nary references,  however,  "Isaiah,"  "verses,"  etc.,  would  be 
abbreviated,  ver.  for  both  verse  and  verses,  not  vs.  and  vss. 
See  XIV,  "References.".  Set  in  roman  "  f,,"  with  period, 
"  Margin  "  may  be  abbreviated  "  Marg.,"  if  so  systematically 
written  in  copy.  References  other  than  biblical  may  be  set 
as  indicated  in  VIII,  In  references  and  citations  where 
abbreviations  are  required,  use  art.  or  arts,  for  article  and 
articles;  fig.  or  figs,  for  figure  or  figures;  p.  or  pp,  for  page  or 
pages;  vol.  or  vols,  for  volume  or  volumes. 

Revised  Version.  When  used  as  a  reference  or  part  of  a 
reference,  abbreviate  thus:  R.  V.;  but  when  occurring  as  part 
of  an  ordinary  sentence,  spell  out,  Revised  version. 

Saints.  Except  rarely,  in  very  narrow  measures,  spell  out 
when  applied  to  persons,  churches,  and  religious  institutions, 
as  Saint  James,  Saint  Veronica,  the  persons;  Saint  Paul's, 
Saint  Peter's,  the  cathedrals;  Convent  of  Saint  Ursula,  Saint 
Luke's  Sunday  School,  etc.  Abbreviate  in  such  names  as 
Hotel  St,  Denis,  St.  Regis  Academy,  St.  Mary's  College,  St. 
Valentine's  Day,     See  "  Geographical." 


Capitalization  1 5 


Sovereigns.  Names  of  sovereigns  are  usually  best  set  with 
ronian  numerals  without  period,  Edward  VI,  Charles  I;  but 
Edward  the  Sixth  and  Charles  the  First,  etc.,  may  be  used  if 
an  author  spells  out  the  names  consistently.  The  style  should 
not  vary  in  any  one  article. 

States.  Abbreviate  states,  territories,  and  dependencies  as 
follows:  Ala.,  Ariz.,  Ark.,  Calif.,  Colo.,  Conn.,  Del.,  D,  C,  Fla., 
Ga.,  111.,  Kans.,  Ky.,  La.,  Me.,  Md.,  Mass.,  Mich.,  Minn., 
Miss.,  Mo.,  Mont.,  Neb.,  Nev.,  N.  H.,  N.  J.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  Y., 
N.  C,  N.  Dak.,  Okla.,  Oreg.,  Pa.,  P.  I.  (Philippine  Islands), 
P.  R.  (Porto  Rico),  R.  I.,  S.  C,  S.  Dak.,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  Vt., 
Va.,  Wash.,  W.  Va.,  Wis.,  Wyo.  Do  not  abbreviate  Alaska, 
Guam,  Hawaii,  Idaho,  Iowa,  Ohio,  Samoa,  and  Utah  if  it  can 
be  avoided. 

Temperature.  20°  F.,  4°  R.,  for  twenty  degrees  Fahrenheit 
and  four  degrees  Reaumur,  etc. 

Titles.  Abbreviate  Doctor,  Professor,  Reverend,  General, 
Colonel,  Major,  Captain,  and  Lieutenant  when  first  name  or 
initials  are  given.  As  a  rule  other  military  and  naval  titles 
than  those  mentioned  should  always  be  spelled  out.  Presi- 
dent, Secretary,  Treasurer,  vSenator,  Representative,  and  simi- 
lar civic  titles  should  not  be  abbreviated  unless  economy  of 
space  is  demanded.  Set  Right  Hon.  and  Right  Rev.  See  III. 
Omit  "  Mr."  unless  otherwise  instructed,  in  lists  of  officers  in 
reports  and  minutes. 

III.  CAPITALIZATION 

A  B  C's.  Set  in  caps  without  commas.  See  XIV,  "  Apos- 
trophe." 

Adjectives  and  Verbs  ending  in  "  ed,"  "  ify,"  "  ing,"  "  ize  " 
are  lower-cased:  "anglicized,"  "  frenchified,"  "  romanized," 
"  latinized,"  and  other  words  of  similar  construction.  So 
also  "  roman  "  and  "  italic,"  referring  to  type.  See  "  Proper 
Nouns." 

Ages  and  Periods.  Capitalize  adjectives  only  in  geological 
ages  and  periods:  Silurian  age.  Stone  age,  Carboniferous, 
Eocene,  and  Tertiary  periods.  So  with  such  expressions  as 
Elizabethan  age.  Apostolic  age,  Tudor  period,  etc.,  but  capi- 
talize both  adjective  and  noun  in  Dark  Ages  and  Middle  Ages. 

Appendix.  Capitalize  Appendtx,  Appendix  A,  Appendix  I, 
etc.,  when  these  refer  to  a  portion  of  a  book. 


1 6  Capitalization 


Associations,  Conventions,  Societies,  and  Unions.  Capital- 
ize only  when  full  name  is  given;  lower-case  in  casual  refer- 
ence, "  the  association,"  etc. 

Books  of  the  Bible.  Set  Epistles  of  Peter,  Book  of  Isaiah, 
and  others  (used  as  full  title  of  the  work).  In  casual  refer- 
ence, such  as  "  In  the  book  of  Job,"  lower-case  book,  and  so 
generally,  as  "  this  book,"  "  books  of  the  Bible,"  "  this  epis- 
tle," etc.  To  distinguish  "  Gospel,"  the  book,  from  "  gospel  " 
in  the  general  sense,  the  former  is  always  capitalized. 

Captions.  In  setting  titles  of  books  and  headlines  of  arti- 
cles, only  the  most  important  words  should  be  capitalized. 
Articles,  conjunctions,  and  prepositions  may  be  safely  lower- 
cased in  most  instances.  When  the  definite  article  is  used 
and  is  known  to  be  a  part  of  the  title  of  a  periodical,  it  is 
capitalized. 

Chapter.  Capitalize  in  footnote  references.  "  See  Chap, 
(or  Chapter)  VI."  Also  in  specific  designation,  as  "  The  fol- 
lowing outlines  given  in  Chapter  VI."  Lower-case  in  such 
expressions  as,  "  In  every  chapter  of  the  book,"  etc.  See 
"  Roman  Numerals." 

Church.  Capitalize  the  word  church  only  when  a  particu- 
lar building,  congregation,  or  denomination  is  in  question,  as 
First  Church,  Anglican  Church,  Church  of  Rome  (corporate 
bodies),  Epiphany  Church,  Church  of  the  Redeemer  (the 
buildings). 

City.  Capitalize  New  York  City  and  Washington  City. 
Lower-case  such  allusions  as  "  the  city  of  Boston  "  and  "  the 
holy  city." 

Committee.  In  minutes,  reports,  etc.,  where  the  full  com- 
mittee name  is  given,  capitalize,  as  Nominating  Committee, 
Committee  on  Finance.  Lower-case  when  standing  alone,  as 
"  your  committee,"  "  the  committee  reported." 

Commonwealth.  Capitalize  when  used  as  synonym  of 
state:  "the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania." 

Confession.  Capitalize  even  when  standing  alone,  if  refer- 
ence is  had'to  some  Confession  of  Faith. 

Deity.  All  direct  allusions  to  Deity  should  be  capitalized 
as  in  list  given  on  page  17,  but  lower-case  pronouns  following 


Capitalization  17 


such  names.  When  pronouns  occur  that  refer  to  but  are  not 
preceded  by  direct  mention  of  Deity,  the  first  one  must  be 
capitaHzed  and  others  following  lower-cased.  List:  Almighty, 
Almighty  God,  Bread  of  Life,  Christ-Child,  Divine  Being, 
Godhead,  Good  Shepherd,  Great  Physician,  Providence,  heav- 
enly Father,  Holy  One,  Holy  Ghost,  Holy  Spirit,  Messiah 
and  Messianic,  Prince  of  Peace,  Son  of  man.  Son  of  God, 
Spirit  of  God,  Supreme  Being,  Word  (referring  to  Christ), 
but  word  (referring  to  Bible). 

Do  not  capitalize  "  child,"  referring  to  Jesus,  if  the  name 
Jesus  has  previously  been  mentioned.  Lower-case  "  boy," 
"  youth,"  and  similar  words  in  such  expressions  as  "  the  boy 
Jesus."  When  the  word  God  is  used  as  a  prefix  set  as  fol- 
lows: godfather,  godlike,  godmother,  godsend,  godspeed. 

Derived  Names  and  Nicknames.  Capitalize  Grecian,  Ox- 
onian, Virginian,  etc.  Capitalize  nicknames  derived  from  and 
used  as  proper  names.  Lower-case  "  granny,"  "  auntie,"  etc., 
unless  followed  by  a  name.  Lower-case  such  expressions  as 
"  mother  dear,"  "  ma,"  "  mom,"  "  dad,"  "  daddy,"  "  pa,"  "  pop," 
etc.;  but  when  "  mom,"  "  ma,"  "  mother,"  "  pop,"  etc.,  are  used 
as  nicknames,  such  as  "  Pop  Wilson,"  "  Mother  Jones,"  they 
should  be  capitalized. 

Ecclesiastical.  Lower-case  "  disciple  "  and  "  apostle."  Capi- 
talize Doxology,  the  Twelve,  Christian,  Jew,  Mohammedan, 
Protestant,  and  names  of  all  sects  and  denominations;  also 
such  titles  as  Dean  of  Westminster,  Bishop  of  Harrisburg. 
Lower-case  "  apostolic  fathers  "  and  "  fathers  "  (referring 
to  early  church  writers).  Lower-case  rabbi  unless  pre- 
ceding a  name.  Do  not  capitalize  "  prophet,"  and  similar 
designations,  in  such  phrases  as  "  the  prophet  Malachi  says." 
Capitalize  Advent,  Epiphany,  and  similar  words  when  used  as 
ecclesiastical  dates,  as  "  Prior  to  Advent,"  "  After  Epiphany." 
Also  when  standing  alone  and  expressing  historical  facts, 
"  the  Advent,"  "  the  Epiphany  ";  but  lower-case  when  used  as 
follows:  "After  Christ's  advent,"  "the  epiphany  of  our 
Lord."  In  commentaries  and  works  on  scriptural  subjects, 
capitalize  the  reference  "  Margin."     See  II,  "  References." 

Epistolary  Addresses.  In  the  absence  of  special  instruc- 
tions the  following  capitalization  may  be  used:  Dear  Betsey, 
My  dear  Betsey,  Betsey  dear,  Betsey  girl,  My  dear  friend  Bet- 
sey, My  dear  Friend,  Dear  Miss  Betsey,  My  dear  Miss  Betsey. 

Flag.  Capitalize  Stars  and  btripes.  Old  Glory,  and  Star 
Spangled  Banner. 


1 8  Capitalization 


Foreign  Names.  The  prepositions  "  de "  (or  d'),  "da," 
"del,"  "della"  (or  dell'),  "  di,"  "van,"  "von,"  occurring  in 
foreign  names,  should  be  lower-cased  when  preceded  by  a 
title  or  name,  as  Maurice  de  Maupret,  M.  d'Artagnan,  Count 
del  Ferice,  Prince  von  Bulow.  If  not  preceded  by  name  or 
title,  capitalize,  as  D'Aubigne,  Von  Moltke,  Di  Cesnola.  This 
does  not  include  names  occurring  in  works  or  extracts  in 
foreign  languages.    There  copy  must  be  followed.    See  IX. 

Geographical.  Arctic  Ocean,  etc..  Bay  of  Biscay,  Canal 
Zone,  Continent  and  Continental  (referring  to  Europe),  Ches- 
ter County,  delta  of  the  Nile,  Eastern  Hemisphere,  Eastern 
States,  equator.  Frigid  Zone,  Greater  New  York,  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  Gulf  Stream,  Great  Lakes,  Isle  of  Wight,  Missis- 
sippi Valley,  New  World,  Niagara  Falls,  North  Pole,  Occi- 
dent, Occidental,  Old  World,  Orient,  Oriental,  Pacific  Coast, 
Peninsula  of  Michigan,  Sea  of  Galilee.  "  Central,"  "  north- 
ern," etc.,  when  applied  to  sections  that  have  no  definite 
boundaries,  should  not  be  capitalized:  central  Illinois,  eastern 
Ohio,  southern  California,  lower  Egypt,  middle  West,  north 
China,  south  India,  and  others.  Capitalize  South  Africa,  de- 
fined as  territory-  south  of  the  Zambezi,  and  others  where 
boundaries  are  clearly  understood,  as  Eastern,  Middle,  South- 
ern, and  Western  States  (U.  S.).  When  referring  to  sections 
of  the  United  States,  capitalize  North,  East,  South,  West, 
Northwest,  Southwest;  also  Northerner,  Southerner;  but 
north,  east,  south,  west,  referring  to  points  of  compass,  must 
be  lower-cased.  The  brook  Kedron,  the  river  Jordan,  Mis- 
sissippi River,  but  the  Mississippi  and  Arkansas  rivers,  etc.; 
Low  Countries  (the  Netherlands).  Such  words  as  "  bay," 
"  falls,"  "  gulf,"  and  "  isthmus  "  should  be  lower-cased  when 
standing  alone,  full  name  having  been  previously  mentioned. 
For  a  list  of  geographical  words  used  adjectively,  see 
"  Proper  Nouns." 

Government.  U.  S.  Government,  the  English  Government, 
etc.,  but  lower-case  when  full  name  is  not  given  and  when 
used  as  an  adjective,  as  "  The  government  may  intervene," 
"  government  ownership." 

Historical.  Capitalize  Colonial  (pre-Revolution),  Consti- 
tution (of  U.  S.),  Constitutional  Convention  (U.  S.,  1787), 
Continental  (soldiers).  Deluge,  Dispersion  (Jewish),  Dutch 
Republic,  French  Revolution,  Inquisition,  Magna  Charta, 
Pharaoh,  Pharaonic,  Reformation,  Renaissance,  Restoration, 
Revolution  and  Revolutionary   (American),  Reign  of  Terror 


Capitalization  19 


and  The  Terror  (French),  Second  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Bar  Association,  etc.,  but  lower-case  casual  allusions,  e.  g., 
the  Prohibition  national  convention.  Capitalize  noted  days, 
such  as  Black  Friday.  Lower-case  captivity  and  exile 
(Jewish). 

Holidays.  New  Year's  Day,  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Washing- 
ton's Birthday,  Good  Friday,  Easter  Sunday,  Memorial  or 
Decoration  Day,  Independence  Day  or  Fourth  of  July,  Labor 
Day,  Thanksgiving  Day,  Christmas  Day. 

Honorary  Degrees  and  Titles.  These  are  always  capital- 
ized when  preceded  b}"^  a  name:  B.  D.,  D.  D.,  D.  C.  L.,  F,  R.  S. 
and  K.  C.  B.  (England),  LL.  D.,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  Th.  D. 
(lower-case  the  "h"),  V.  C.  (England),  etc.  When  standing 
alone,  the  American  degrees  should  be  spelled  out  and  set  in 
lower-case:  "  He  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity." 
Follow  copy,  however,  if  an  author  prefers  to  use  this  style: 
"He  received  his  D.  D.  in  1901."  Knight  Commander  of 
Bath,  Victoria  Cross,  Legion  of  Honor,  and  other  foreign 
honorary  titles  should  be  capitalized  when  spelled  out.  See 
n  and  XVL 

Hymns.  In  order  to  avoid  confusion  and  inconsistency, 
the  titles  of  hymns,  including  those  where  first  lines  are  used 
as  captions,  should  be  capitalized  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
titles  of  articles  in  general. 

Initials.  (1)  In  articles  beginning  with  an  initial  letter  the 
first  word  should  be  set  in  caps,  whether  the  initial  is  part  of 
the  first  word  or  not.  (2)  When  the  initial  is  part  of  a  name, 
or  of  a  title  preceding  a  name,  as  Stephen  Ellicott,  Capt.  John 
Smith,  the  entire  name  should  be  set  in  caps.     See  X. 

Inscriptions.  In  setting  inscriptions  to  be  placed  under 
illustrations,   as   a   rule    capitalize   only   proper   nouns. 

Legislative  Bodies.  Capitalize  Congress,  but  lower-case 
congressional;  capitalize  Parliament,  House  of  Commons, 
House  of  Lords,  Senate  of  the  United  States,  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, the  Pennsylvania  Legislature,  and  other  state 
legislatures.  Lower-case  senator,  congressman,  representa- 
tive, etc.,  unless  these  precede  a  name,  as  Senator  White. 

Lesson  Studies.  When  the  International  Sunday  School 
Lessons  and  Graded  Courses  are  referred  to,  capitalize,  as 
International   Lessons,  Uniform  Lessons,  Keystone  Interna- 


20  Capitalization 


tional  Graded  Lessons,  Graded  Courses,  Graded  Series,  Inter- 
mediate Course,  etc. 

Nations  and  States.  French  Republic,  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, Province  of  Ontario,  State  of  New  York,  New  York 
State,  New  England  States,  and  other  state  names;  Roman 
Empire,  etc.  Lower-case  such  references  as  duchy  of  Or- 
leans, kingdom  of  Spain,  principality  of  Wales,  and  republic 
of  Mexico.  In  books,  by  preference  of  book  editor,  "  State  " 
and  "  Province  "  should  be  capitalized  even  when  standing 
alone,  but  in  periodicals  they  should  be  lower-cased.  Senti- 
mental names  of  states  should  be  capitalized:  Empire  State, 
Keystone  State,  etc. 

O  and  Oh.  In  the  absence  of  special  directions,  a  suffi- 
ciently satisfactory  method  of  using  "  O  "  and  "  Oh  "  when 
these  precede  the  name  of  a  person  or  a  thing,  is  to  employ 
"  O  "  only  in  those  cases  that  are  purely  vocative,  where  a 
person  or  a  thing  is  directly  addressed,  or  where  the  name  is 
essential  to  the  sense  of  the  sentence.  E.  g.,  ''How  zvonder- 
ful  are  thy  zvorks,  0  Lord " ;  "  O  Religion,  how  many  crimes 
have  been  committed  in  thy  name!''  "Oh"  may  be  used  in 
those  purely  exclamatory  sentences  where  the  name  of  per- 
son or  thing  can  be  omitted  without  destroying  the  sense. 
E.  g.,  "  Oh,  James,  you  must  not  do  it! "  "  Oh,  Hilda,  you 
know  that  is  not  true!''  Both  of  these  sentences  are  complete 
with  the  name  omitted,  as  "  Oh,  you  must  not  do  it!  "  "  Oh, 
you  know  that  is  not  true!  " 

Organizations.  When  full  name  is  given,  capitalize.  When 
referred  to  but  the  name  is  not  given — for  example,  the  uni- 
versity, the  society,  the  committee — these  words  should  not 
be  capitalized.  This  includes  churches,  colleges,  schools, 
unions,  and  societies.  Capitalize  National  Guard  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  York  Militia,  etc.,  but  lower-case  in  casual  refer- 
ence, as  "  the  militia,"  "  the  national  guard." 

Personification.  When  seasons,  qualities,  and  other  com- 
mon nouns  are  personified  and  systematicall}^  capitalized  in 
any  article  or  book,  follow  cop)^ 

Political  Parties.  Capitalize  People's  party,  Republican 
party,  and  others.  A  Democrat,  a  Prohibitionist,  a  Socialist, 
a  Populist,  a  Tory,  a  Conservative;  but  prohibition,  socialism, 
democracy,  republicanism. 


Capitalization  21 


President.  Of  United  States,  capitalize,  also  any  synony- 
mous title  referring  to  the  President,  as  Chief  Magistrate, 
Executive,  His  Excellency. 

Proper  Nouns  as  Adjectives.  The  more  commonly  em- 
ployed of  this  class  of  words  may  be  set  as  follows: 
Lower-case:  bologna  sausage,  britannia  ware,  brussels 
sprouts,  Canada  balsam,  Carolina  pink,  castile  soap,  china 
aster,  cologne  water,  epsom  salt,  hamburg  steak,  hessian  fly, 
honiton  lace,  india  ink,  india  rubber,  indian  corn,  levant 
(leather),  lisle  thread,  manila  paper,  manila  rope,  mansard 
roof,  mocha  coffee,  morocco  (leather),  osage  orange,  paris 
green,  plaster  of  paris,  rochelle  salt,  turkey  red,  tyrian  pur- 
ple.    Capitalize  others. 

Public  Buildings.  The  Capitol  at  Washington,  Philadelphia 
Mint,  Corn  Exchange  Building,  and  others. 

Race  Designations.  Capitalize  "  Creole,"  referring  to 
French  and  Spanish  Creoles  in  Louisiana.  Lower-case  col- 
ored (applied  to  African  race),  gipsy,  mulatto,  negro,  quad- 
roon, etc. 

Roman  Numerals.  Capitalize  words  used  with  Roman  nu- 
merals as  titles,  Chapter  XII,  Section  VI,  etc. 

Scientific  Names.  Capitalize  order  or  family  and  genus, 
but  lower-case  species.  The  seventeen-year  locust,  Cicada  sep- 
tendecim,  family  CicadidcB.  Cicada  is  the  genus,  septendecim 
the  species.  So  Algacece  (the  natural  order),  to  which  belongs 
Chondrus  crispus  (Irish  moss).  Chondrus  the  genus,  crispus 
the  species.  In  botany,  however,  names  of  species  derived  from 
proper  nouns  are  capitalized:  Rhododendron  Calif ornicuni;  but 
usually  this  does  not  hold  in  zoological  terms,  e.  g.,  Lepus  ameri- 
canus,  where  the  second  element  is  not  capitalized. 

School.  Bible  school,  Sunday  school.  These  words  are  not 
to  be  hyphenized  when  used  as  compound  adjectives. 

Scripture  Names  and  Terms.  Capitalize  or  lower-case 
thus:  the  apostle  Paul  (and  so  with  others),  the  Beatitudes, 
Decalogue,  day  of  Atonement,  day  of  Pentecost,  Exodus  (the 
book),  and  "  the  Exodus,"  the  First  Epistle  of  John,  feast  of 
Tabernacles,  Gentile,  First  Gospel  (the  book),  but  "preach- 
ing the  gospel,"  Garden  of  Eaen,  Garden  of  Gethsemane, 
Golden   Rule,   (jreat   Commission,  Holy   Bible   (but  biblical), 


V 


22  Capitalization 


holy  of  holies,  Holy  Land,  holy  place,  Holy  Scriptures  (but 
scriptural),  Holy  Writ,  Lord's  Day,  Lord's  Prayer,  Lord's 
Supper,  Mount  Olivet,  Mount  of  Olives,  Mount  of  Transfig- 
uration, the  new  Jerusalem,  Passion  week,  the  Passover  (but 
lower-case  paschal  lamb  and  paschal  supper),  Pharisee,  the 
prophet  Isaiah,  etc.,  Sabbath  Day,  Sadducee,  Sanhedrin, 
scribes.  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  Shepherd  Psalm,  Sun  of 
righteousness,  Syro-phoenician,  the  Commandments,  refer- 
ring to  the  tables  as  a  whole,  but  first  commandment,  etc.. 
Ten  Commandments,  Twenty-third  Psalm,  Wise-men.  Titles 
of  rniracles  are  lower-cased,  as  "  healing  of  the  paralytic,"  but 
capitalize  titles  of  parables:  the  Lost  Coin,  the  Prodigal  Son. 
Lower-case  devil,  hades,  hell,  paradise,  purgatory,  and  sheol, 
but  capitalize  Satan,  Beelzebub,  and  Evil  One. 

Seasons.      Lower-case    spring,"  summer,    fall,    autumn,   and 
winter.     See  "  Personification." 


Signatures.     Set  as  follows: 


Fred  Brown, 
William  W.  Smith, 
E.  S.  Willis,  Chairman. 


If  the  word  "  committee  "  or  "  commission  "  is  added,  set 
chairman,"  or  other  official  designation,  in  roman: 

W.  G.  Howell,  Chairman, 
C.  R.  Tones, 
C.  A.  Woodson, 

Committee. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  economize  space,  set  thus: 

S.  P.  Boffin,  Chairman,  Wm.  Coleman, 

Frank  Pattison,  C.  R.  Powell, 

L.  W.  Rawson,  Edward  Hayne, 

George  Galpin,  Henry  Bush, 


States.     See  "  Nations. 


Commission. 


Street.  Market  Street,  Third  Street,  Tenth  Street;  but 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  streets. 

Sunday  school  and  Teacher-training.  "  School  "  and  "  train- 
ing," for  purposes  of  display,  may  be  capitalized  in  jobs  and 
on  title-pages,  omitting  the  hyphen  in  Sunday  school.  In 
reading  matter  always  lower-case. 


Capitalization  23 


S.  S.  Departments.  Capitalize  names  of  all  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Sunday  school,  e.  g.,  Cradle  Roll,  Beginners' 
Department,  Primary  Department,  and  so  with  Junior,  Inter- 
mediate, Senior,  Young  People's,  Adult,  and  Home. 

"  The."  Capitalize  when  part  of  a  name,  as  The  Hague, 
The  Dalles,  but  the  Netherlands. 

Time.  A.  D.  and  B.  C.  are  capitalized  and  set  A.  D.  1900 
and  200  B.  C.  Capitalize  "  Eastern  time "  and  "  Standard 
time."     See  II,  "  Dates." 

Titles.  1.  Lower-case  titles  used  in  the  following  manner: 
"  You  will  surely  hear  from  the  captain,"  "  The  doctor  waits," 
"  The  seiiorita  is  expected,"  referring  to  a  captain,  a  doctor, 
and  a  miss  already  mentioned  by  name.  Lower-case  also  in 
the  direct  address,  as  "  You  too,  general,"  "  your  excellency," 
"  your  majesty." 

2.  Lower-case  titles  of  official  position,  such  as  president, 
when  standing  alone.  Where  the  name  follows  title,  capital- 
ize, as  President  B,  Short,  Secretary  O.  Jones,  District  At- 
torney White.  Capitalize  the  title  or  office  also  where  name 
precedes  it  in  signatures  to  letters,  documents,  and  minutes, 
as  Joseph  Smith,  Treasurer ;  but  in  casual  use  lower-case  title, 
as  "  George  White,  district  attorney,  was  the  next  speaker." 
See  XI. 

3.  In  constitutions  of  organized  bodies,  in  those  articles 
treating  of  an  officer,  the  title  of  said  officer  must  always  be 
capitalized. 

4.  Other  titles  are  capitalized  as  follows:  King  of  England, 
Queen  of  Spain,  Emperor  of  Japan,  Viceroy  of  India,  Prince 
of  Wales,  Duke  of  Connaught,  Marquis  of  Bute,  Count  of 
Toulouse,  Baron  of  Rothsay,  President  of  Mexico,  the  Em- 
press Catherine,  the  Emperor  Tiberius,  Duchess  Maud,  Queen 
of  Sheba,  and  others.  When,  however,  there  is  simply  a  ref- 
erence such  as,  "The  queen  is  in  good  health,"  "The  em- 
peror is  hunting,"  etc.,  lower-case  queen,  emperor,  and  all 
the  others. 

5.  Lower-case  temporary  titles  when  unaccompanied  by 
name,  as  governor  of  New  York,  mayor  of  Boston,  the  sec- 
retary of  state,  attorney-general,  and  other  cabinet  officers, 
sheriff  of  Boggs  County;  also,  lieutenant-governor  of  Oudh, 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  and  .other  similar  English  titles; 
but  Governor  Brooks,  Mayor  Lowe,  Sheriff  White,  Attorney- 
General  Wood,  etc. 


24  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 

6.  Aunt,  cousin,  father,  grandfather,  grandma,  grand- 
mother, grandpop,  great-aunt,  mother,  and  uncle,  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  proper  name,  should  be  capitalized;  e.  g..  Aunt 
Carrie,  Cousin  John,  Grandpop  Morris,  Alother  Webb,  etc. 
With  rare  exceptions  sister  and  brother  should  be  lower- 
cased. (1)  When,  however,  either  of  these  terms  is  con- 
sistently used  with  and  as  a  part  of  a  proper  name  to  desig- 
nate a  character  in  a  narrative,  it  should  be  capitalized;  e.  g.. 
Brother  Ben  and  Sister  Sue  may  be  'characters  that  appear 
chiefly  or  only  under  that  appellation.  (2)  These  terms 
should  be  capitalized  when  reference  is  had  to  a  member  of  a 
religious  order,  as  Sister  Veronica,  Brother  Ignatius. 

.V  ,  U.  S.  Service  and  Departments.  Capitalize  United  States 
Army  and  United  States  Navy,  Army  of  the  Potomac  (and 
others),  Department  of  Interior,  War  Department,  etc. 

War.  As  an  exception,  capitalize  Civil  War  (American), 
and  World  War,  but  of  others  capitalize  only  the  adjec- 
tives: Revolutionary  war,  war  of  the  Revolution,  war  of  1812, 
Boer  war,  Crimean  war,  war  of  the  Roses,  Thirty  Years'  war, 
war  of  the  Rebellion  (American). 


IV.  CONSOLIDATION  AND  HYPHENA- 
TION 

Under  the  subheads  "  Consolidate  "  and  "  Separate,"  it  will 
be  understood  that  the  hyphen  is  used  only  to  divide  a  word 
at  the  end  of  a  line  and  has  no  other  significance.  The 
phrase  "  one  word,"  sometimes  used  in  this  list,  means  that 
all  compounds  with  the  immediately  preceding  word  in  bold- 
face letter  are  to  be  consolidated;  and  when  "all  take  hy- 
phen "  occurs,  that  compounds  with  preceding  word  must  be 
hj'phenized.  So  far  as  possible  in  such  a  limited  list,  excep- 
tions are  noted.  The  bracketed  letters  [adj]  adjective,  [n] 
noun,  etc.,  denote  more  than  one  form  of  treatment.  For  ex- 
ample, "  a  backdown  "  [n]  is  naturally  one  word,  whereas  in 
the  expression  "  to  back  down  "  the  verb  and  adverb  are 
separated.  The  letters  "  sh  "  (see  "  Hyphenize  ")  and  "  ss  " 
(see  "  Separate  ")  indicate  additional  combinations. 

Most  words  combined  to  form  an  adjective  may  be  hyphen- 
ized,  as  "  ill-advised  speech,"  "  stout-chested  boy."  The  hy- 
phen may  also  be  used,  adjectively  only,  in  such  Latin  forms 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  25 

as  "  ante-bellum  days,"  "  ex-officio  member,"  and  "  prima- 
facie  evidence."  In  compounding  several  words  to  make  an 
adjective,  only  those  terse  or  epigrammatic  phrases  should 
be  selected  that  tend  to  coalesce,  as  "  cut-and-dried  philos- 
ophy," "  get-rich-quick  methods,"  "  out-of-the-way  haunts," 
"  two-year-old  colt,"  "  up-to-date  edition,"  etc.  Such  natural 
phrases  as  "  light  and  airy  manner,"  and  "  none  too  gentle 
hand  "  should  not  be  hyphenized. 

Do  not  hyphenate  such  expressions  as  "  clear  blue,"  "  dark 
brown,"  "  dirty  gray,"  and  "  yellowish  green,"  unless  the  ex- 
pression, as  a  compound  adjective,  immediately  precedes  a 
noun,  as  "  yellowish-green  fumes." 

Indian  names  of  more  than  two  words  and  expressing  an 
idea  take  the  hyphen,  as  "  Rain-in-the-face,"  etc. 

Do  not  compound  adverbs  ending  in  "  ly  "  with  adjectives 
they  qualify,  as  "  newly  wedded  couple,"  "  only  begotten 
Son."  Do  not  compound  two  capitalized  words  to  make  an 
adjective.  Set  New  Testament  history,  North  American  In- 
dian, etc.;  but  New-Englander  [n],  New-Yorker  [n]. 

In  compounding,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  confuse  simple 
adjectives  and  nouns  with  those  forms  that  naturally  coa- 
lesce. For  example,  "  a  starving  man  "  is  a  man  that  starves, 
but  "  a  dining-room "  is  not  a  room  that  dines.  The  empha- 
sis on  "dining"  shows  its  irresistible  tendency  to  form  one 
word  with  "  room."  There  is  usually  no  such  tendency  ob- 
servable in  simple  adjectives  and  nouns.  For  instance,  "  a 
white  hat"  is  a  hat  that  is  white;  "a  black  bass"  a  bass  that 
is  black ;  but  "  a  bird-catcher "  is  not  a  catcher  that  is  a  bird, 
"  a  bone-setter "  is  not  a  setter  that  is  of  bone.  Note  the  em- 
phasis on  hat,  bass,  bird,  bone.  Emphasis  will  generally  indi- 
cate consolidation  or  the  use  of  the  hyphen,  but  not  always. 


Consolidate:  aboveboard,  ache  (eara.,  heada.,  tootha.,  etc.), 
addle  (brain,  head  [n]  ;  but  addle-brained,  addle-headed 
[adjs]),  aforetime,  after  (clap,  glow,  math,  noon,  thought,  sh), 
aglow,  airship,  alms  (all  one  word),  along  (shore,  side), 
anglophobe,  ante  (all  one  word),  anti  (generally  all  one 
word,  but  it  takes  hyphen  when  followed  by  capital  letter,  as 
anti-German;  except  antichrist  and  antichristian),  any  (all 
one  word,  except  when  used  as  an  adjective,  as  "any  one  of 
the  four"),  arm  (chair,  hole,  pjt),  ashimmer,  ashine,  auto 
(dynamic,  hypnotic,  infection,  intoxication,  kinetic,  mor- 
phism),  awestruck,  axletree. 


26  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


Hyphenize:  able  (all  take  hyphen),  a-fishing,  after  (with 
exceptions  given  all  take  hyphen),  air-tight,  all  (nearly 
all  take  hyphen,  ss),  altar-piece,  ant-hill,  apple-sauce,  armor- 
(bearer,  plate). 

Separate:  account  day,  after  all,  all  (along,  hail,  hollow,  in 
all,  told),  apple  (butter,  dumpling,  pie,  pudding,  tart,  tree), 
ami's  length,  auld  lang  syne,  auto  da  fe. 

B 

Consolidate:  back  (ache,  bar,  bite,  board,  down  [n],  gam- 
mon, ground,  log,  staff,  stroke,  wash,  water,  woods,  ss), 
baldhead  (but  bald-headed  [adj]),  band  (box,  master),  bare 
(nearly  all  one  word),  barleycorn,  base  (ball,  born),  bath 
(robe,  tub),  battle  (dore,  field,  ship,  sh),  beadwork,  bed 
(chamber,  fast,  room,  sore,  time,  sh),  bird  (blackb.,  blueb., 
catb.,  songb.,  etc.  Consolidate  all  compounds  of  "  bird " 
with  a  one-syllable  prefix,  sh),  birth  (all  one  word),  bit- 
tersweet, black  (ball  [v],  berry,  board,  fish,  guard,  leg,  list 
[v],  mail,  smith,  snake,  thorn,  sh),  blood  (letting,  thirsty, 
sh),  blue  (berry,  bottle,  coat,  fish,  jacket,  nose,  stone,  sh), 
boat  (man;  catb.,  ferryb.,  houseb.,  lifeb.,  rowb.,  steamb.,  tugb., 
sh),  bonbon,  bond  (folk,  holder,  maid,  man,  woman,  sh), 
book  (binder,  case,  mark,  shelf,  shop;  nearly  all  one;  handb., 
sh),  boot  (black,  jack,  maker),  bow  (brace,  line,  sprit,  string), 
box  (berry,  keeper,  wood,  sh),  brakeman,  brazenface  (but 
brazen-faced  [adj]),  bread  (fruit,  meal,  nut,  root,  stuff,  win- 
ner, sh),  break  (bones,  down  [n],  fast,  neck,  water),  breast 
(plate,  weed,  work),  brick  (bat,  layer,  maker,  work,  sh), 
broad  (axe,  brim,  cast,  cloth,  side,  sword),  buck  (board,  eye, 
skin,  tail,  wheat),  bull  (dog,  frog,  nose),  bush  (man,  ranger, 
whacker,  woman),  bushelman,  busybody,  butter  (ball,  cup, 
fly,  milk,  nut,  scotch,  sh),  button  (hole,  wood,  sh),  by  (gone, 
path,  play,  road,  stander,  way,  word,  sh). 

Hyphenize:  bandy-legged,  bank-  (bill,  note),  bargain- 
(counter,  day,  sale),  barley  (all  take  hyphen  except  corn), 
barn-  (door,  yard),  basket  (nearly  all  take  hyphen),  bas- 
relief,  battle  (nearly  all  take  hyphen),  bed-  (rock,  spring), 
bee-  (culture,  garden,  hunter,  veil),  before-  (hand,  time),  bell 
(call-b.,  church-b.,  door-b.,  fire-b.),  bel-esprit,  belles-lettres, 
between-decks,  Bible-woman,  bird  (as  a  prefix,  "  bird "  al- 
ways takes  hyphen,  as  bird-catcher,  bird-seed,  except  bird- 
lime; hyphenize  also  when  it  is  preceded  by  a  prefix  of  more 
than  one  syllable),  bird's-   (eye   [adj],  nesting),  black-   (ash. 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  27 

beetle,  browed,  draft,  eyed,  jack,  ss),  blanc-mange,  blood- 
(and-thunder,  guilty,  heat,  horse,  money),  blossom  (with  pre- 
fix takes  hyphen),  blue-  (black,  disease,  eyed,  grass,  laws, 
print,  stocking,  ss),  board  (splash-b.,  spring-b.),  boarding- 
(house,  school),  boat-  (club,  house,  race,  song),  bond-  (paper, 
servant,  service,  slave,  stone,  ss),  bone-setter,  book  (bill-b., 
cash-b.,  chap-b.,  day-b.,  horn-b.,  hymn-b.,  note-b.,  prayer-b., 
school-b.,  scrap-b.,  sketch-b.,  story-b.,  text-b.,  year-b.),  box- 
(office;  cigar-b.,  hat-b.,  etc.),  boy  (bell-b.,  breaker-b.,  camel- 
b.),  brand-new,  bread-dough,  breakfast-table,  breech-loader, 
bric-a-brac,  brick-kiln,  brush  (blacking-b.,  finger-b.,  hair-b., 
paint-b.,  tooth-b.),  bull-fight,  bull's-eye,  butter  (with  excep- 
tions given  all  take  hyphen),  button-hook,  by  (with  excep- 
tions given  nearly  all  take  hyphen,  ss). 

Separate:  back  (parlor,  stairs,  etc.),  barn  floor,  bath  brick, 
beau  ideal,  Bible  school,  black  (and  blue,  art,  bass,  lead), 
blank  book,  blind  man,  blue  (jay,  ointm,ent,  ribbon),  bond 
(debenture  b.,  straw  b.),  by  (and  by,  the  bye). 


Consolidate:  calfskin,  candlestick,  canvasback,  cardboard, 
car  (fare,  ful,  load,  ss),  care  (taker,  worn),  carpetbagger,  cat 
(call,  fish,  gut,  head,  mint,  nip),  chapfallen,  chinaware,  circum 
(all  one  word),  cis  (all  one  word),  claptrap,  church  (goer, 
going,  man,  warden,  yard,  sh),  class  (fellow,  mate,  rootn,  sh), 
clear  (starch,  story),  clothes  (horse,  line,  pin,  press),  co  (all 
one  word),  copper  (head,  plate,  smith),  corkscrew,  counter 
(balance,  bore,  brace,  charge,  charm,  check,  feit,  gauge,  mand, 
march,  move,  pane,  part,  plead,  plot,  poise,  sign,  sh),  country 
(man,  side),  cowpox,  crisscross,  cross  (bill,  bow,  cut,  patch, 
piece,  roads,  tree,  ways,  wise,  sh),  currycomb. 

Hyphenize:  cabinet-maker,  camel-backed,  candle-  (light, 
snuffer),  cane-brake,  canker-worm,  cap-a-pie,  car  (all  take 
hyphen  with  exceptions  given  above  and  below),  card-  (rack, 
receiver),  carpet-bag,  case-harden,  chef-d'oeuvre,  cherry- 
(blight,  colored,  gum,  laurel,  stone,  ss),  chicken-hearted, 
child-wife,  chimney  (all  take  hyphen),  Christ-  (Child,  life), 
church-  (house,  member,  ss),  cider-mill,  class-  (leader,  meet- 
ing, member,  ss),  clean-  (cut,  handed),  clear-  (cut,  eyed, 
headed,  sighted),  close  (all  take  hyphen),  collar-bone,  copy- 
holder, corn-  (cob,  field,  flour,  meal,  stalk,  ss),  corner-stone, 
counter    (with    exceptions    given    nearly    all    take    hyphen). 


28  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


com C-  (House,  martial  [v],  plaster,  ss),  cow-lick,  cross  (with 
exceptions  given  all  take  hyphen),  cry-baby,  cure-all. 

Separate:  camel's  hair,  car  (aerial  c,  chapel  c,  electric  c, 
flat  c,  gondola  c,  platform  c,  postal  c,  trolley  c,  tubular  c), 
carpenter  shop,  cast  iron,  cherry  (cordial,  pie,  pudding,  tart, 
tree),  church  (invisible,  militant,  register,  service,  trium- 
phant), civil  service,  class  (roll,  work),  coat  of  arms,  col- 
porter  wagon,  committee  (joint  c,  standing  c),  corn  (bread, 
fritter,  laws).  Court  (House,  when  used  as  a  geographical 
name,  as  Cape  May  Court  House),  martial  [n],  cousin  ger- 
man,  cozy  corner,  curtain  lecture. 


Consolidate:  dairymaid,  dashboard,  day  (break,  dawn,  light, 
spring,  time,  sh),  dead  (head  [v],  lock,  sh),  demi  (god, 
John,  quaver,  semiquaver,  tone,  sh),  dewdrop,  dingdong,  din- 
nertime, sh,  dish  (washer,  washing),  dogfish,  sh,  door 
(keeper,  way,  yard,  sh),  dovetail,  down  (pour,  right,  sh), 
dressmaker,  dustpan,  dyestuff. 

Hyphenize:  dark-red  [adj],  day-  (dream,  laborer,  long, 
nurse,  nursery,  school,  star;  fast-d.,  feast-d.,  wedding-d.), 
dead-  (beat,  head,  latch  or  lock,  letter  [adj],  line,  march, 
reckoning,  weight,  ss),  deaf-mute,  death-  (bed,  blow,  rate, 
trap),  deckle-edged,  demi  (with  exceptions  given,  all  take 
hyphen),  devil-fish,  die-sinker,  dilly-dally,  diner-out,  dinner- 
(bell,  hour,  party,  table),  dish-  (cloth,  holder,  rag,  towel, 
water),  do-all,  dog-  (collar,  days,  fancier,  Latin,  shark, 
watch),  do-nothing,  door-  (bell,  handle,  jamb,  key,  knob, 
latch,  plate,  post,  sill,  step),  dove-  (color,  cot  or  cote),  down- 
(grade,  hill,  stairs,  town,  ss),  dram-  (seller,  shop),  dress- 
(circle,  goods,  ss),  dressing-  (case,  room),  drop-light,  drug- 
store, dry-goods,  dumb-  (bell,  waiter),  dust-brush,  dwelling- 
place. 

Separate:  dare  say,  day  (every  d.,  some  d.),  dead  (language, 
letter  [n],  ripe,  set,  shot,  wire),  double  entry,  down  train, 
dress  (coat,  parade,  suit). 

E 

Consolidate:  earthenware,  Easter  (tide,  time),  eaves- 
dropper, eggplant,  electro  (motor,  plate,  scope,  tint,  type, 
typer,  sh),  else  (all  one  word),  evensong,  ever  (glade,  green, 
lasting,  more,  sh),  every  (body,  one — except  when  used  as  an 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  29 


adjective,  as  "every  one  of  these  pictures" — thing,  where), 
extra  (with  few  exceptions  one  word,  but  usually  takes  hy- 
phen when  joined  to  word  beginning  with  vowel),  eye  (ball, 
brow,  lash,  lid,  sight,  sore,  sh). 

Hyphenize:  ear-  (bone,  cap,  cornet,  drop,  drum,  lap,  lobe, 
mark,  muff,  ring,  shot,  splitting,  trumpet,  wax),  easy-going, 
egg-  (boiler,  cup,  glass,  laying,  shaped,  shell,  tester),  elbow- 
(grease,  room),  electro-  (bronze,  cautery,  engraving,  etching, 
massage),  empty-handed,  ever-  (living;  adjs.  take  hyphen), 
every-day  [adj],  evil-doing,  ex-  (governor,  mayor,  president, 
etc.),  eye-  (cup,  doctor,  glass,  shade,  tooth,  water,  witness). 

Separate:  easy  chair,  ex  (prep.;  officio,  parte,  post  facto), 
extension  table. 

F 

Consolidate:  facsimile,  faultfinder,  fearnaught,  feather 
(bone,  head),  fellowship,  fire  (arms,  brand,  bug,  cracker,  fly, 
light,  place,  side,  works,  sh),  firstborn,  fish  (with  one-syllable 
prefix  all  one,  sh),  flat  (boat,  foot,  sh),  flimflam,  flowers 
(bluebell,  goldenrod,  heartsease,  sh),  flyaway,  fold  (one  word, 
twof.,  fourf.,  etc.),  folk  (land,  mote,  sh),  folkething,  foot 
(ball,  gear,  hill,  hold,  lights,  mark,  note,  pad,  print,  sore, 
step,  stool,  worn,  sh),  for  (asmuch,  ever,  evermore),  forth 
(all  one  word),  fountainhead,  free  (hooter,  hold,  man,  mason, 
masonry,  stone,  thinker,  sh),  freed  (man,  woman). 

Hyphenize:  fag-end,  faint-hearted,  fancy-free,  far-  (away, 
fetched,  gone,  off,  reaching,  seeing,  sighted),  father-in-law, 
feeble-minded,  feeding-ground,  fellow-feeling,  field-  (glass, 
marshal,  mouse,  work;  coal-f.,  corn-f.,  grain-f.,  hay-f.,  oil-f., 
wheat-f.),  finger-tips,  fire-  (alarm,  bell,  boat,  brick,  brigade, 
bucket,  damp,  drill,  eater,  engine,  extinguisher,  insurance, 
ladder,  plug,  proof,  ship,  shovel,  wood,  worship,  ss),  firing- 
(iron,  line,  party),  first-  (fruits,  named,  ss),  fish  (takes  hy- 
phen with  prefix  of  more  than  one  syllable),  fishing-  (boat, 
station),  flat-  (bottomed,  footed,  iron),  flower-  (bed,'  pot), 
flowers  (corn-f.,  fleur-de-lis,  forget-me-not,  four-o'clock,  jack- 
in-the-pulpit,  johnny-jump-up,  lily-of-the-valley,  sweet-wil- 
liam. Do  not  compound  such  names  as  "  scarlet  sage,"  "  wild 
rose,"  etc.,  where  simple  adjectives  indicate  color  or  habit), 
folk-  (lore,  song,  story,  tale;  men-f.,  women-f.),  foot-  (pace, 
soldier),  foster-  (brother,  sister,  etc.),  fractions  (one-fifth, 
ninety-six  one-hundredths,  three  one-hundred-and-forty-fifths, 
etc.  See  VII),  franc-tireur,  fret-  (born,  hand,  hearted,  soil, 
spoken,    trader,    will    [adj],    ss),    freight-train,    frost-    (^bite. 


30  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 

nipped),  fruit-   (basket,  cake,  car,  knife),  full-  (back,  blown, 
faced,  fed,  pledged,  tide,  ss). 

Separate:  fee  simple,  fellow  (citizen,  creature,  man,  mem- 
ber), felo  de  se,  field  practice,  fire  (department,  up;  quick  f., 
running  f.),  first  (base,  bass,  floor,  mate,  officer),  foot  rule, 
free  (agent,  grace,  list,  love,  thought,  trade,  will  [n]),  front 
(door,  room,  yard),  full  (dress,  point,  stop). 


Consolidate:  gad  (about,  fly),  gain  (all  one  word),  gallnut, 
gamekeeper,  gang  (plank,  way),  gas  (light,  olier,  ometer,  sh), 
gate  (keeper,  way),  gentle  (folk,  man,  woman),  ginger 
(bread,  snap),  glass  (ware,  work,  sh),  glowworm,  goat  (herd, 
skin),  god  (child,  daughter,  father,  like,  mother,  send,  son, 
speed,  sh),  Godhead,  gold  (bug,  fish,  smith,  stone,  sh),  good- 
wife,  grapefruit,  grasshopper,  grave  (stone,  yard,  sh),  gray 
(beard,  head),  green  (back,  grocer,  horn,  house,  room,  sward, 
wood),  greyhound,  gridiron,  grindstone,  gripsack,  grooms- 
man, groundwork,  grubworm,  guesswork. 

Hyphenize:  gall-  (apple,  duct,  fly,  wasp),  game-  (bird,  law, 
preserve),  garden-seat,  gas-  (bracket,  burner,  fitting,  fixture, 
generator,  governor,  jet,  machine,  meter,  pipe,  plant,  range, 
register,  retort,  stove,  tank,  works;  coal-g.,  water-g.),  gilt- 
edged,  give-and-take,  glass-  (blower,  etching,  furnace,  house; 
window-g.),  glue-  (pot,  size),  go-between,  God-  (fearing,  for- 
saken), gold-  (bearing,  beater,  beetle,  cure,  digger,  dust,  field, 
leaf,  miner,  note,  paint,  size,  ss),  good-  (bye,  conditioned, 
fellowship,  for-nothing,  humored,  looking,  tempered,  will 
[adj],  also  as  noun,  referring  to  a  commercial  transaction,  as 
the  "good-will"  of  a  business,  ss),  goody-goody,  grape- 
(shot,  sugar,  vine),  grass-  (cutter,  grown,  plot),  grave- 
(clothes,  digger),  great-  (aunt,  grandfather,  etc.),  green-eyed, 
griddle-cake,  grist-mill,  grog-shop,  ground-  (hog,  ivy,  plan, 
rent),  growing-pains,  grown-up  ([n  and  adj],  "He  is  a 
grown-up,"  "  A  grown-up  lad,"  ss),  grub-stake,  guard-  (house, 
pin,  ring,  room,  ship),  guest-chamber,  guide-  (book,  post), 
gutta-percha. 

Separate:  gas  company,  German  silver,  gilt  edges,  God's 
acre,  glass  (Bohemian  g.,  cut  g.,  plate  g.,  spun  g.),  gold 
(plate;  rolled  g.),  good  (breeding,  day,  evening,  faith,  fellow, 
folk,  humor,  luck,  morning,  night,  order,  sooth,  speed. 
Templar,  will  [n]),  grand  stand,  ground  floor,  grown  over, 
grown  up  (adverbially,  "  He  has  grown  up  "). 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  31 


H 

Consolidate:  hair  (breadth,  cloth,  pin,  work,  sh),  half- 
penny, hand  (ball,  bill,  book,  breadth,  clasp,  cuff,  kerchief, 
maid,  maiden,  work,  writing,  sh),  hangdog,  haphazard,  hard 
(tack,  ware,  wood,  sh),  hare  (bell,  brained,  foot,  hp),  hay 
(cock,  maker,  rick,  stack,  sh),  head  (ache,  cheese,  land,  light, 
quarters,  stone,  strong,  way,  sh),  hearsay,  heart  (ache,  burn, 
felt,  rending,  sore,  worn,  sh),  hearthstone,  hedge  (hog,  row), 
heirloom,  help  (mate,  meet),  hemstitch,  hen  (bane,  peck,  sh), 
hence  (forth,  forward),  here  (about,  after),  heyday,  hide- 
bound, high  (binder,  way),  hill  (side,  top),  hoarfrost,  hob 
(goblin,  nailed,  nob),  home  (sick,  spun,  stead,  sh),  honey 
(bee,  comb,  moon,  suckle,  sh),  horn  (bill,  blende,  fish,  pipe, 
sh),  horse  (back,  hair,  radish,  shoe,  shoer,  whip,  woman,  sh), 
hot  (bed,  foot,  head,  sh),  hotchpotch,  house  (breaker,  clean- 
ing, holder,  keeper,  keeping,  maid,  mother,  top,  warming, 
wife,  work;  farmh.,  poorh.,  schoolh.,  storeh.,  wareh.,  workh., 
sh),  hum  (bug,  drum),  bumblebee,  hunchback,  hundred  (fold, 
weight,  sh,  ss). 

Hyphenize:  hail-fellow,  hair-  (dresser,  follicle,  splitter, 
spring,  trigger),  half-  (and-half,  back,  baked,  bound,  bred, 
breed,  brother,  caste,  dollar,  hearted,  holiday,  hose,  hour, 
mast,  pay,  primed,  seas-over,  shell,  tide,  time,  title,  tone, 
truth,  way,  wit,  yearly,  ss),  hall-mark,  hand-  (bag,  car, 
glass,  grenade,  made,  press,  pump,  saw,  sewed,  shaking; 
first-h.,  second-h.  [adjs]),  hara-kiri,  harbor-master,  hard- 
(boiled,  earned,  featured,  fisted,  fought,  headed,  hearted,  pan, 
shell,  visaged),  harum-scarum,  harvest-home,  hay-  (cold,  cut- 
ter, fever,  field,  fork,  loft,  market,  mow,  press,  rack,  rake, 
seed,  tedder),  head-  (band,  dress,  gear,  hunter,  line,  rest, 
work,  ss),  heart-  (break,  breaking,  broken,  disease,  free), 
helter-skelter,  hen-  (coop,  house,  roost),  herring-bone,  High- 
( church,  churchman),  high  (with  adjectives  generally  takes 
hyphen),  hill-tribes,  hobby-horse,  hocus-pocus,  hoity-toity, 
home-  (born,  bound,  coming,  made,  maker,  stretch,  ss), 
honey-  (locust,  tongued),  hook-nosed,  hoop-  (iron,  skirt),  hop- 
(garden,  pole,  raising,  vine,  yard),  horn-  (blower,  of-plenty), 
horny-handed,  horror-struck,  horse-  (boot,  breaker,  car, 
chestnut,  fly,  guard,  laugh,  leech,  play,  pond,  power,  racing, 
trainer),  hot-  (blooded,  headed,  press,  shot,  tempered),  hotel- 
de-ville,  hotel-dieu,  house-  (agent,  boat,  fly,  raising;  apart- 
ment-h.,  bath-h..  bird-h.,  boarding-h.,  boat-h.,  carriage-h., 
chapter-h.,  church-h.,  club-h.,  connting-h.,  court-h.,  custom-h., 
guard-h.,    idol-h.,    market-h.,    meeting-h.,    packing-h.,    pest-h.. 


32  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


powcr-h.,  sugar-h.,  summer-h.,  wash-h.,  ss),  humble-pie,  hum- 
ming-bird, hundred-legs,  hunting-  (box,  dog,  knife,  lodge, 
season,  watch),  hurdy-gurd}^  hurly-burly,  hurry-scurry. 

Separate:  half  (dazed,  dead,  dozen,  hidden,  hundred,  moon, 
note,  past  four,  etc.;  price,  ticket),  hand  (in  hand,  over 
hand),  hand's  breadth,  at  first  hand,  at  second  hand,  hard 
(after,  cash,  upon),  hare  and  hounds,  head  (foremost,  mas- 
ter), high  (life,  mass,  priest,  seas,  tide,  water),  home  (circle, 
field,  rule,  run,  work),  hop  (cushion,  pillow),  house  (physi- 
cian, surgeon;  printing  h.,  public  h.,  publishing  h.,  state  h.), 
hundred  (one  hundred  and  twenty-third  time,  etc.). 


Consolidate:  iceberg,  in  (all  one  word),  infra  (all  one,  but 
hyphenate  if  followed  by  a  vowel),  ink  (horn,  stand,  well, 
sh),  innkeeper,  inter  (all  one  word),  intra  (all  one,  but  hy- 
phenate if  followed  by  a  vowel),  iron  (clad  [vessel],  master, 
sides,  smith,  ware,  sh),  ivory  (nut,  type). 

Hyphenize:  ice-  (axe,  bag,  boat,  bound,  box,  cold,  creeper, 
cutter,  drift,  floe,  hook,  hut,  mountain,  pack,  pick,  pitcher, 
plant,  plow,  tongs,  water,  ss),  ihlang-ihlang,  ill-  (takes  hy- 
phen with  participles;  treat  [v],  wisher,  ss),  ink-  (ball,  bottle, 
fountain;  marking-i.,  printing-i.,  ss),  iron-  (bound,  foundry, 
rust,  scale,  stain,  worker,  ss),  ivory-black. 

Separate:  Ice  age,  ice  cream,  i'  faith,  ill  (blood,  humor,  luck, 
nature,  temper,  turn,  will),  ink  (indelible  i.,  india  i.),  Indian 
meal,  india  rubber,  iron  (cast  i.,  wrought  i.),  vegetable  ivory. 


Consolidate t  jack  (adandy,  anapes,  ass,  daw,  stone,  straw, 
sh),  jailbird,  jayhawker,  jellyfish. 

Hyphenize:  jack-  (in-the-pulpit,  knife,  o'-lantern,  plane,  pot, 
rabbit,  screw,  ss),  Janus-  (faced,  headed),  jet-black,  Jew- 
baiting,  John-a-dreams,  johnny-cake,  jolly-boat,  journey- 
work,  jury-  (box,  rigged). 

Separate:  jack  of  all  trades,  joint  (heir,  stock). 

K 

Consolidate:  keepsake,  key  (board,  hole,  note,  stone,  word), 
kingfisher,  kinsfolk,  knickknack,  kohlrabi. 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  33 

Hyphenize:  kettle-drum,  kind-hearted,  kitchen-maid,  kite- 
flier,  king-  (pin,  snake),  knee-  (cap,  deep,  high,  joint,  wor- 
ship), knife-  (edge,  grinder,  handle;  bread-k.,  butcher-k.,  etc.), 
knight-errant,  knock-  (about,  down,  knee,  out),  knot-hole, 
know-  (all,  nothing),  kow-tow. 

Separate:  king's  (counsel,  evil),  knight  baronet,  Knights 
Templar. 


Consolidate:  lacemaker,  lackaday,  lady  (bird  [insect],  bug), 
lakeside,  lampblack,  land  (holder,  lady,  locked,  lord,  lubber, 
mark,  owner,  scape,  slide;  fatherl.,  homel.,  sh),  latticework, 
laundryman,  law  (breaker,  giver,  maker,  suit),  lazy  (bones, 
boots),  leapfrog,  leaseholder,  letterpress,  light  (house, 
weight),  like  (when  "like"  is  used  to  express  resemblance  to 
persons  or  things,  consolidate  with  words  of  one  syllable, 
and  some  others,  as  womanlike.  Thus,  barnlike,  birdlike, 
childlike,  godlike,  except  where  the  noun  qualified  ends  in 
"  1,"  where,  to  save  an  awkward  appearance,  the  hyphen 
may  be  used:  shell-like,  girl-like,  etc.  In  some  cases,  how- 
ever, where  such  words  as  girllike  and  boylike  come  into 
apposition,  to  prevent  an  apparent  inconsistency,  the  hyphen 
may  be  omitted,  sh),  limestone,  linchpin,  lineman,  livelong, 
liveryman,  lock  (jaw,  man,  out,  smith,  up,  sh),  lode  (star, 
stone),  long  (boat,  bow,  legs,  shoreman,  sh),  lukewarm. 

Hyphenize:  lake-dweller,  lamb's-wool,  lamp-  (light,  wick), 
land-  (agent,  breeze,  grabber,  leaguer,  poor,  tortoise,  ss), 
lantern-jawed,  lap-  (board,  dog),  laughing-stock,  leaf  (ba- 
nana-1.,  palm-1.,  rose-1.),  lean-faced,  leave-taking,  left-handed, 
letter-writer,  life-  (blood,  buoy,  guard,  insurance,  interest, 
line,  principle,  saving,  service,  size,  station,  story,  work,  ss), 
like  (amber-1.,  prison-1.,  and  with  most  other  words  of  more 
than  one  syllable,  ss),  linsey-woolsey,  lion-  (hearted,  hunter), 
lip-service,  lock-  (keeper,  stitch),  lodging-house,  log-book, 
long-  (clothes,  drawn,  eared,  headed,  winded,  ss),  looking- 
glass,  lotus-  (berry,  eater),  loud-  (mouthed,  voiced),  love- 
(affair,  feast,  knot,  letter,  match,  song),  Joving-cup,  Low- 
(church,  churchman),  low-  (born,  down,  lived,-  spirited), 
lower-case  [v],  lozenge-shaped,  lumber-  (camp,  room,  yard), 
lynx-eyed. 

Separate:  labor  (bureau,  union).  Labor  Day,  lake  shore, 
land  (league,  of  nod),  lantern  (Chinese  1.,  dark  1.),  life  (ani- 
mal 1.,  boy  1.,  plant  1.),  like  (separate  when  used  colloquially, 


34  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  , 

as  "  continuous  like,"  "  humble  like,"  "  peaceful  like  "  "  such 
like"),  lincrusta  Walton,  locomotor  ataxia,  long  (division, 
primer).  Lord's  Day,  low  pressure. 

M 

Consolidate:  mad  (cap,  house),  manslaughter,  marshmal- 
low,  master  (piece,  work,  sh),  matchlock,  maulstick,  maybe, 
mayflower,  mealymouth,  merry  (making,  thought,  sh),  me- 
seems,  mezzotint,  mid  (air,  day,  land,  night,  ship,  shipman, 
stream,  summer,  way,  week,  sh),  milk  (maid,  man,  sop, 
weed,  sh),  mill  (board,  stone,  wright,  sh),  minutemen,  moon 
(beam,  fern,  flower,  light,  shine,  stone,  struck,  sh),  moss 
(back,  bunker,  sh),  motorcycle,  mountain  (side,  top,  sh), 
mouthpiece,  multi  (all  one  word),  musk  (melon,  rat). 

Hyphenize:  maiden-hair,  make-  (believe,  up),  maker  (with 
exception  of  haymaker,  shoemaker,  sailmaker,  and  watch- 
maker, all  take  hyphen),  man-of-war,  many-sided,  market- 
(basket,  day,  house,  place,  town,  ss),  marrow-bone,  master- 
(key,  stroke),  match-  (box,  maker,  safe),  matter-of-course 
[adj  only],  matter-of-fact  [adj  only].  May-  (apple,  day,  lady, 
pole,  queen),  mean-  (born,  spirited),  meeting-  (house,  place; 
camp-m.,  mass-m.,  prayer-m.,  ss),  mercy-seat,  merry-  (an- 
drew,  go-round),  mid-  (channel,  ocean),  mile-post,  milk- 
(pail,  pan),  mill-  (dam,  pond,  race;  cider-m.,  flour-m.,  grist-m., 
powder-m.,  rolling-m.,  woolen-m.),  mob-cap,  monkey-wrench, 
moon-  (eye,  face),  morning-glory,  moss-  (agate,  trooper), 
mother-  (in-law,  wit),  motor-  (car,  man),  mountain-  (lion, 
sheep,  ss),  mouse-trap,  mowing-machine,  muck-rake,  mud- 
(flat,  hen,  hole,  lark,  scow,  turtle),  dummy-cloth,  muscle- 
bound,  music-  (book,  box,  hall,  type),  mustard-seed,  muzzle- 
loader. 

Separate:  maid  servant,  man  (child,  milliner,  servant), 
mare's  nest,  market  (price,  value),  marriage  portion,  mean 
distance,  meeting  (church  m.,  committee  m.,  covenant  m.), 
mezzo  soprano,  mineral  water,  morning  star,  mother  (bird, 
church,  country,  tongue),  motive  power,  mountain  (chain, 
peak,  range,  system). 

"  '  N 

Consolidate:  namesake,  neck  (lace,  tie,  wear,  sh),  needle 
(woman,  work,  sh),  neo  (all  one,  but  hyphenate  if  followed 
by  capital  letter),  never  (more,  theless),  new  (comer,  fangled, 
sh),  news  (boy,  monger,  paper,  sh),  nickname,  night  (cap, 
clothes,   fall,   gown,   mare,   shade,   shirt,   sh),   Nonconformist, 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  35 

nonentity,  nonesuch,  no  (way,  where),  noon  (day,  tide,  time), 
north  (all  one  word),  nose  (bleed,  gay),  nowadays,  nurse 
(girl,  maid),  nut   (cracker,  hatch,  pick,  shell). 

Hyphenize:  nail-  (brush,  extractor;  picture-n.,  etc.),  namby- 
pamby,  narrow  (all  take  hyphen),  nature-  (myth,  worship), 
near-  (by,  sighted),  neck-  (band,  chain,  cloth,  handkerchief, 
yoke),  needle-  (book,  point,  threader),  nerve-  (cell,  fiber), 
nettle-fish,  never-ending,  new-  (born,  fledged),  news- 
(agency,  dealer,  letter,  writer),  New-Yorker,  night-  (dress, 
hawk,  school,  watch),  non  (all  take  hyphen  except  Noncon- 
formist), note-  (head,  paper),  north-northeast,  etc. 

Separate:  New  Year's,  night  bell. 

o 

Consolidate:  oat  (cake,  meal),  off  (hand,  scouring,  set, 
shoot,  spring,  ss),  ofttimes,  oil  (cloth,  stone,  sh),  olivewood, 
on  (coming,  looker,  set,  slaught),  oneself,  openwork,  Orange- 
man, out  (nearly  all  one,  except  where  prefix  is  followed  by 
a  capital  letter,  as  "This  out-Herods  Herod,"  sh),  over  (with 
few  exceptions  all  one  word),  ox   (eye,  hide). 

Hyphenize:  oak-  (bark,  gall),  odd-  (looking;  forty-odd  peo- 
ple, etc.,  but  one  hundred  and  odd  men),  Odd-Fellow,  offer- 
ing (all  take  hyphen),  oil-  (can,  color,  stove),  old  (with  adjs 
takes  hyphen),  one-sided,  open-  (handed,  hearted,  minded, 
ss),  opium-  (pipe,  poisoning,  poppy),  orange-  (blossom, 
flower,  skin),  orang-outang,  order-book,  organ-  (bench, 
blower,  coupler,  grinder,  stop),  out-  (and-out,  of-doors  [adj 
and  n],  of-the-way  [adj],  patient). 

Separate:  oak  (black  o.,  quartered  o.,  white  o.),  off  (and 
on,  color,  season,  side),  olla  podrida,  open  (house,  sesame), 
order  (close  o.,  monastic  o.). 


Consolidate:  packhorse,  paleface,  pan  (all  one,  but  hy- 
phenate if  followed  by  capital  letter),  pass  (port,  word), 
patchwork,  pater  (familias,  noster),  pathfinder,  pathway,  pa- 
trolman, pawnbroker,  paymaster,  pea  (cock,  fowl,  hen,  nut), 
peachblow,  peephole,  penholder,  peppercorn,  pick  (aback, 
aninny,  axe,  pocket),  piecemeal,  pig  (skin,  sty,  tail,  sh),  pin 
(cushion,  hole,  wheel,  sh),  pineapple,  pinkeye,  play  (bill,  fel- 
low,   goer,    ground,   house,   mate,   wright),   plow    (boy,    man, 


36  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


share),  pocketbook,  pockmark,  pointblank,  pole  (axe,  cat), 
poorhouse,  post  (boy,  graduate,  man,  mark,  master,  meridian, 
millenarian,  millennial,  mistress,  paid,  prandial,  script, 
sh),  pot  (hook,  pie,  pourri),  pre  (nearly  all  one  word,  as 
preeniinence,  preempt,  preexistence),  press  (man,  room,  work, 
sh),  priest  (craft,  ridden),  puffball,  pumpkinseed   [fish]. 

Hyphenize:  pace-maker,  pack-saddle,  packing-  (box, 
house),  paddle-  (box,  wheel),  pale-faced,  pall-bearer,  palm- 
oil,  pampas-grass,  panic-stricken,  paper-  (book  [legal],  box 
[to  contain  paper],  clip,  cutter,  hanger,  holder,  knife,  mill, 
weight),  papier-mache,  parti-color,  party-  (line,  wall),  pass- 
book, passe-partout,  passer-by,  passion-  (flower,  music,  play), 
pastry-cook,  pattern-maker,  patty-cake,  pawn-  (shop,  ticket), 
pay-  (day,  rock,  roll),  pea-jacket,  peach-blossom,  pear-shaped, 
pearl-fisher,  pebble-stone,  pencil-  (case,  sharpener),  pen- 
feather,  penny-  (a-liner,  wise),  pepper-  (box,  pot,  sauce),  per- 
cussion-cap, piano-stool,  picture-  (frame,  gallery),  piece- 
(hand,  work;  gold-p.,  silver-p.),  pig-  (headed,  iron),  pigeon- 
(breast,  hearted,  toed),  pile-driver,  pilot-house,  pin-  (feather, 
money),  pine-  (cone,  knot,  needle),  pipe-  (clay,  organ,  stem), 
place  (takes  hyphen  when  compounded  with  words  ending  in 
"ing"),  plain-spoken,  play-actor,  pocket-  (handkerchief, 
knife),  point-lace,  poison-  (ivy,  oak),  policy-shop,  poor-  (box, 
laws,  spirited),  pop-  (corn,  gun),  pork-butcher,  porte-  (co- 
chere,  monnaie),  post-  (apostolic,  bag,  box,  card,  chaise, 
haste,  hole,  horn,  house,  mortem  [medical],  obit,  office.  Plio- 
cene, etc.;  rank,  rider,  route,  stamp,  town,  trader,  ss),  poul- 
try- (house,  yard),  pound-  (cake,  foolish,  keeper),  powder- 
(flask,  horn,  magazine,  mill,  mine,  monkey),  power-  (house, 
press),  prairie-dog,  prayer-  (book,  meeting,  wheel),  praying- 
machine,  presence-chamber,  press-  (agent,  gang,  proof; 
cheese-p.,  cotton-p.,  printing-p.,  etc.),  print-shop,  prison- 
(bars,  house),  prize-  (fight,  money),  proof-  (reader,  room), 
public-  (minded,  spirited),  pug-dog,  purse-proud,  push-  (but- 
ton, cart). 

Separate:  paper  box  [made  of  paper],  party  (dinner  p., 
wedding  p.,  and  others),  paschal  (lamb,  supper),  Passion 
week,  patent  (office,  right),  peach  (pie,  pudding,  tree),  per 
cent,  petty  juror,  plate  (armor,  glass),  plum  pudding,  pocket 
(borough,  edition),  point  system,  police  (court,  station),  poor 
folk,  post  (factum,  mortem  [after  death]),  postal  (card,  note, 
order.  Union),  pound  weight,  public  (credit,  debt,  house, 
lands,  stores,  works). 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  37 

Q 

Consolidate:  quarryman,  quarter  (foil,  master),  quick  (lime, 
sand,  silver,  step,  sh),  quitclaim. 

Hyphenize:  quadrant-compass,  quarry-slave,  quarter-  (back, 
day,  deck,  post,  sawed,  section,  session),  quasi  (all  take  hy- 
phen), question-mark,  quick-  (eyed,  march,  witted),  quill- 
driver,  quince-seed,  quiz-   (class,  master),  quotation-mark. 

Separate:  queen  (bee,  consort,  dowager,  mother,  of  May, 
regent,  regnant),  queen's  ware,  quo  warranto. 

R 

Consolidate:  rag  (man,  picker,  time),  rain  (bow,  coat,  drop, 
fall,  sh),  rattle  (brain  [but  rattle-brained],  pate,  snake,  trap), 
razorback,  re  (all  one  word),  red  (consolidate  nearly  all  com- 
pounds with  emphasis  on  "red";  breast,  coat,  eye,  fish,  head, 
skin,  wood,  etc.,  sh),  reedbird,  rififrafT,  rifleman,  ringbone, 
road  (side,  stead,  way,  sh),  rockfish,  rooftree,  room  (mate; 
anter.,  bathr.,  bedr.,  schoolr.,  storer.,  workr.,  sh),  rose  (bud, 
wood),  roughshod,  round  (about,  head),  roustabout,  row 
(boat,  lock),  rubadub,  runaway. 

Hyphenize:  race-  (course,  horse,  track),  rack-  (rent; 
card-r.,  hat-r.,  music-r.,  etc.),  rag-  (bag,  tag),  ragged-  (robin, 
school),  rail-  (guard,  splitter),  railroad-  (car,  switch,  train), 
rain-  (proof,  storm,  tight,  water),  reading-  (chair,  desk, 
room),  ready-made,  red-  (haired,  hot,  ss),  relief-map,  repair- 
shop,  ridge-pole,  riding-  (habit,  school,  skirt,  whip),  rifle- 
(ball,  range,  shell,  shot),  right-  (about,  about-face,  angled, 
handed,  minded),  ring-  (dove,  shaped),  river-  (bank,  basin), 
road-  (bed,  maker),  robber-chief,  robe-  (de-chambre,  maker), 
rock-  (candy,  ribbed,  trout),  rocking-  (chair,  horse),  roll-call, 
roller-skate,  rolling-  (mill,  pin),  roly-poly,  roof-garden,  room 
(cloak-r.,  counting-r..  engine-r.,  guest-r.,  lecture-r.,  lumber-r., 
proof-r.,  show-r.,  tea-r.  Hyphenize  also  with  words  ending 
in  "  ing,"  as  dining-room,  etc.),  rope-  (dancer,  maker,  walk; 
tow-r.),  rope's-end,  rose-  (bush,  cold,  colored,  festival,  gera- 
nium, hued,  leaf,  water),  rouge-et-noir,  rough-  (and-ready, 
dry,  Iiew,  rider),  round-up,  rudder-  (band,  brace,  chain), 
running-gear. 

Separate:  rag  carpet,  rail  fence,  red  (book,  chalk,  coral, 
fire,  lead,  man,  oak,  tape;  and*  always  when  "red"  is  used 
as  a  simple  adjective),  right  (along,  angle,  ofif,  of  way),  robin 


38  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


redbreast,  rose  diamond,  round  (robin,  table),  Royal  Worces- 
ter, rule  absolute. 

S 

Consolidate:  sackcloth,  saddleback  [n],  sh,  sail  (boat, 
maker),  sales  (girl,  man,  room,  woman),  salt  (cellar,  petre), 
sanbenito,  sand  (man,  paper,  piper,  stone,  sh),  sandalwood, 
sauce  (box,  pan),  scape  (goat,  grace),  school  (boy,  craft, 
fellow,  girl,  house,  man,  ma'am,  master,  mate,  room,  time, 
sh),  score  (twoscore,  etc.),  sea  (board,  coast,  faring,  going, 
port,  shore,  sick,  side,  weed,  worthy,  sh),  seed  (cottons., 
sh),  seesaw,  selfsame,  semi  (all  one  word;  but  if  fol- 
lowed by  a  capital  letter,  takes  hyphen),  s,etback,  share- 
holder, sharpshooter,  sheepfold,  ship  (board,  master,  mate, 
shape,  wreck,  wright,  yard;  airs.,  battles.,  steams.,  wars.,  sh), 
shoe  (black,  maker,  sh),  shop  (keeper,  lifter),  short  (cake, 
hand,  horn,  sh),  shotgun,  show  (bread,  man,  room),  shuttle- 
cock, side  (board,  long,  wise,  sh),  sightseer,  silkworm,  silver 
(smith,  ware),  singletree,  singsong,  six  (fold,  pence),  skin 
(flint;  bears.,  calfs.,  seals.,  sheeps.,  etc.,  ss),  sky  (lark,  light, 
sh),  slapjack,  slaveholder,  sleepyhead,  sluiceway,  smallpox, 
snapdragon,  snow  (ball,  bird,  drop,  fall,  flake,  flower,  slide, 
sh),  snubnose,  soap  (bark,  stone,  sh),  some  (one,  thing,  time, 
times,  way,  what,  where),  soothsayer,  south  (bound,  down, 
east,  etc.;  land,  ward),  sparerib,  spearmint,  speechmaker, 
spellbinder,  spindlelegs,  spoilsman,  spring  (tide,  time,  sh), 
staghound,  stair  (case,  way),  stand  (by,  point),  star  (board, 
fish,  sh),  steam  (boat,  ship,  sh),  step  (brother,  child,  mother, 
etc.),  stockholder,  store  (house,  keeper,  room),  stovepipe, 
stowaway,  straightforward,  sub  (all  one  word),  summertime, 
sun  (beam,  bonnet,  burn,  burst,  fish,  flower,  light,  rise,  set, 
shine,  stroke,  sh),  super  (all  one  word),  swallowtail,  swash- 
buckler, sweet  (bread,  brier),  swingletree,  switchback,  sword- 
fish. 

Hyphenize:  sachet-powder,  sack-race,  sad-iron,  saddle- 
(backed,  bags,  cloth,  horse,  tree),  safe-  (conduct,  deposit, 
keeping),  safety-  (lamp,  match,  razor,  switch),  sage-  (brush, 
grouse,  hen),  sago-palm,  sail-loft,  sailing-master,  saloon- 
keeper, salt-  (mine,  rheum,  spoon,  ss),  sand-  (bank,  bar,  bur, 
drift,  dune,  fly,  glass,  hill,  viper),  sang-froid,  save-all,  scarf- 
pin,  scatter-brained,  scene-  (painter,  shifter),  scent-bag, 
school-  (book,  miss,  ship,  teacher,  teaching;  boarding-s., 
dav-s.,  night-s.),  score-card,  scrap-  (book,  heap,  iron),  screw- 
driver, sea-  (bass,  biscuit,  breeze,  dog,  girt,  green,  gull,  shell), 
search-    (light,    warrant),    second-    (class,    hand    [adjs],    ss). 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  39 

seed-  (corn,  pearl;  apple-s.,  bird-s.,  melon-s.,  mustard-s., 
qiiince-s.,  etc.),  seek-no-further,  self-  (all  but  "  selfsame " 
take  hyphen),  sentry-box,  sergeant-  (at-arms,  major),  serio- 
comic, set-  (down,  to,  up),  sewing-machine,  shad-  (roe, 
seine),  shade-tree,  shallow-  (brained,  hearted),  sharp-  (cut, 
featured,  witted),  sheep-  (dog,  faced,  shears),  sheet-anchor, 
shell-  (fish,  proof),  shield-bearer,  shilly-shally,  ship-  (builder, 
canal,  captain,  carpenter,  load),  shirt-  (sleeve,  waist),  shock- 
headed,  shoe-  (buckle,  horn,  lace,  leather,  polish,  shop, 
string),  shooting-  (box,  gallery,  iron,  lodge),  shop-worn, 
short-  (haired,  handed,  lived,  sighted,  spoken,  stop,  winded, 
ss),  shot-tower,  shoulder-  (blade,  brace,  joint,  knot,  strap), 
show-card,  sick-  (bed,  headache,  leave,  list,  room),  side- 
(arms,  dish,  light,  line,  path,  saddle,  show,  step,  track), 
sign-  (board,  post),  silk-  (spinner,  stocking),  silver-  (king, 
plated),  simon-pure,  simple-minded,  sin-  (offering,  polluted, 
stricken),  single-  (foot,  stick),  sketch-  (block,  book),  skin- 
(deep,  grafting,  tight,  whole),  skull-cap,  sky-  (blue,  gazer, 
high,  parlor),  slab-sided,  slam-bang,  slap-dash,  slate-colored, 
slaughter-house,  slave-  (driver,  trade),  sleep-walker,  sleigh- 
(bcll.  ride),  sleuth-hound,  slip-knot,  slop-shop,  slow-  (coach, 
paced,  poke,  etc.;  as  compound  adjective  takes  hyphen),  sly- 
boots, small-  (clothes,  minded,  ss),  smear-case,  smoke-  (con- 
sumer, house,  stack),  smooth  (all  take  hyphen),  snail-paced, 
snake-charmer,  sneak-boat,  snip-snap,  snow-  (bank,  blind, 
bound,  capped,  clad,  drift,  plow,  shed,  shoe,  storm,  sweeper, 
white,  ss),  snuff-  (box,  colored,  dipping,  mill),  so-  (and-so, 
called  [adj],  so,  ss),  soap-  (boiler,  bubble,  fat,  maker,  pow- 
der, suds,  ss),  sober-minded,  soda-  (mint,  water;  washing-s.), 
soft-  (headed,  hearted;  with  adjectives  takes  hyphen),  song- 
(book;  drinking-s.),  son-in-law,  soul-  (destroying,  entrancing, 
hardened,  liberty,  winning),  sound-  (wave;  as  adjective  takes 
hyphen),  sounding-board,  sparrow-grass,  speak-easy,  special- 
delivery  [adj],  sperm-whale,  spice-  (box,  cake,  mill),  spindle- 
(as  adjective  takes  hyphen),  spinning-wheel,  spiritual- 
minded,  spread-eagle,  spring-  (bed,  board,  house),  spy-glass, 
square-rigged,  stage-  (coach,  driver,  struck),  stalking-horse, 
stamp-collector,  stand-pipe,  standard-bearer,  star-  (chamber, 
dust,  gazer),  steam-  (engine,  yacht),  stem-winder,  step-ladder, 
stepping-stone,  stern-  (chase,  sheets,  wheeler),  stew-pan, 
sticking-plaster,  stiff-  (with  adjectives  takes  hyphen),  stock- 
(breeder,  broker,  jobber,  market,  ranch,  taking),  stone- 
(blind,  bruise,  coal,  color,  crusher,  cutter,  hand,  mason, 
quarry,  yard),  stool-pigeon,  stop-   (cock,  over,  watch),  stor- 


40  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


age-  (battery,  warehouse),  store  (book-s.,  shoe-s.,  etc.), 
storm-  (area,  beaten,  bound,  cloud,  coat,  proof,  tossed),  story- 
(book,  teller,  writer),  stout-hearted,  stove-polish,  straight- 
out,  strait-  (jacket,  laced),  street-  (door,  railway,  sprinkler), 
strong-minded,  stuck-up,  stumbling-block,  subject-matter, 
sugar-  (cane,  coated,  house,  loaf,  refinery,  tongs),  summer- 
house,  sun-  (bath,  dial,  dried,  glass,  god,  worship),  sure- 
footed, swan's-down,  sweat-shop,  sweet-william,  swimming- 
school,  switch-board,  sword-   (bearer,  dance). 

Separate:  sal  ammoniac,  salt  (epsom  s.,  neutral  s.,  ro- 
chelle  s.,  rock  s.).  Salt  River,  sans  souci,  school  (board, 
building,  commission,  days,  district,  fund,  inspection;  Bible  s., 
common  s.,  high  s..  Sabbath  s.,  Sunday  s.,  and  so  with  nor- 
mal, parochial,  primary,  public,  and  others,  but  "  common- 
school  education,"  etc.),  screw  propeller,  second  (cabin,  floor, 
sight;  "At  second  hand,"  "It  was  second  best"),  sheet  iron, 
shell  cameo,  short  (commons,  meter),  side  (by  side,  cut, 
glance,  table,  view),  single  entry,  skeleton  key,  skin  (alli- 
gator s.,  tiger  s.,  etc.;  separate  when  animal's  name  con- 
sists of  more  than  one  syllable),  sleight  of  hand,  small  (fry, 
talk),  snow  (house,  hut),  soap  (liniment;  soft  s.),  so  called 
("If  it  could  be  so  called";  but  "so-called  argument,"  etc.), 
special  agent,  spectrum  analysis,  spick  and  span,  spoils  sys- 
tem, stamp  act,  star  (route,  wheel;  fixed  s.,  shooting  s.), 
state  (house,  prison,  rights),  state's  evidence,  still  life,  stirrup 
oil,  stock  exchange,  street  arab,  strong  box,  sugar  (candy,  of 
milk). 

T 

Consolidate:  table  (spoon,  spoonful,  sh),  talebearer,  task- 
master, tea  (berry,  cup,  kettle,  pot,  poy,  sh),  teammate,  tell- 
tale, tenderfoot,  ten  (fold,  penny,  pin),  thence  (forth,  for- 
ward), thimblerigger,  thorough  (bred,  fare,  going),  thumb- 
screw, thunder  (bolt,  clap,  sh),  tidbit,  tiddledewinks,  tide 
(Christmast.,  Eastert.,  springt.,  and  other  words  ending  with 
"tide"),  time  (keeper,  piece;  bedt.,  Christmast.,  mealt., 
springt.,  and  other  words  ending  with  "time,"  sh),  tin 
(smith,  type,  ware,  sh),  to  (day,  morrow,  night),  toadstool, 
tollhouse,  tombstone,  tooth  (ache,  pick),  top  (knot,  lofty, 
mast,  sail),  topsyturvy,  torchlight,  touchstone,  towboat, 
townspeople,  trackmaster,  tradespeople,  trans  (all  one  word), 
treadmill,  treetop,  tricolor,  tugboat,  tumblebug,  turn  (buckle, 
coat,  key,  pike,  stile,  table),  turtleback,  twelvemonth,  two 
(fold,  pence),  type  (setter,  writer). 


Consolidation  and  Hyphenation  41 

•Hyphenize:  tabby-cat,  table-  (board,  cloth,  land,  linen,  rap- 
ping, talk;  breakfast-t.,  center-t.,  dinner-t.),  tack-  (claw,  ham- 
mer), tag-end,  tail-piece,  take-off,  tallow-faced,  tar-paper, 
tax-collector,  tea-  (biscuit,  garden,  gown,  plant,  rose,  things, 
tray),  teacher-training,  team-work,  telegraph-  (line,  operator, 
pole),  tender-hearted,  ten-pounder,  tenter-hook,  tent-maker, 
terror-stricken,  test-  (paper,  tube),  thank-  (offering,  you- 
ma'am  [colloquial]),  thick-  (and-thin  [adj,  ss],  lipped, 
skulled,  etc.),  thief-catcher,  thin-skinned,  thole-pin,  thorough- 
bass, thumb-stall,  thunder-  (blast,  cloud,  gust,  peal,  shower, 
storm),  ticket-  (agent,  chopper,  scalper,  ss),  tick-tack,  tide- 
water, tiger-lily,  time^  (being,  check,  clock,  honored,  saving, 
serving,  table,  work),  tin-  (foil,  plate),  tip-top,  tithing-man, 
title-page,  tittle-tattle,  toad-eater,  toasting-fork,  toll-  (col- 
lector, gate),  tomato-plant,  tom-tom,  tongue-  (lashing,  tied), 
top-  (coat,  dressing,  heavy),  torch-bearer,  torpedo-  (boat, 
net),  tortoise-shell,  toss-up,  totem-post,  touch-  (down,  me- 
not),  tow-  (headed,  line,  path,  rope),  toy-shop,  tracing-paper, 
track-walker,  trade-  (mark,  school,  wind),  traffic-manager, 
train-despatcher,  trap-door,  treasure-trove,  tree-  (calf,  frog, 
sorrel,  ss),  trestle-work,  troop-ship,  truce-breaker,  truck- 
(farm,  patch,  pedler),  true-  (blue,  hearted),  trumpet-tongued, 
trundle-bed,  truth-lover,  tu-  (whit,  whoo  [owl]),  tuft-hunter, 
turtle-dove,  tutti-frutti.  Twelfth-  (day,  night),  twice-told, 
twin-  (cjdinder,  screw),  two-  (bladed,  edged,  headed,  masted, 
sided,  etc.),  t3'pe-founder. 

Separate:  table  d'hote,  tape  line,  third  rate,  "through  thick 
and  thin,"  ticket  (of  leave;  excursion  t.,  mileage  t.,  etc.),  tidal 
wave,  to  and  fro,  tout  ensemble,  town  (clerk,  crier,  hall, 
meeting,  talk),  trade  (dollar,  union),  tree  (apple  t.,  cherry  t., 
etc.),  trust  deed,  tug  of  war. 

U 

Consolidate:  ultra  (one  word  unless  followed  by  capital 
letter,  when  it  takes  hyphen),  un  (one  word  unless  followed 
by  capital  letter,  when  it  takes  hyphen),  under  (with  few 
exceptions  one  word,  sh),  up  (bear,  build,  hold,  lift,  root, 
set,  sh). 

Hyphenize:  under-  (age  [adj],  garment,  officer),  up-  (end, 
grade,  hill,  stairs,  stream,  to-date,  town,  wind). 

Separate:  Ultima  Thule,  upper  ten  thousand,  upside  down. 


42  Consolidation  and  Hyphenation 


Consolidate:  vainglorious,  vanguard,  vestryman,  vice  (ge- 
rent,  regal,  sh),  vine3^ard. 

Hyphenize:  vice  (with  a  few  exceptions  all  take  hyphen), 
vine-  (clad,  culture,  dresser),  vinegar-cruet,  violet-blue,  vis-a- 
vis, voting-machine,  v-shaped. 

Separate:  vice  versa. 

W 

Consolidate:  wagonful,  waist  (band,  coat,  sh),  walk  (out, 
over),  war  (craft,  ship,  sh)',  wardrobe,  washout,  watch 
(maker,  man,  word,  sh),  water  (course,  cress,  fall,  melon, 
proof,  shed,  sh),  waxworks,  way  (farer,  side),  weathercock, 
wellada}^  westbound,  whalebone,  wheel  (barrow,  wright), 
whippoorwill,  wholesale,  wildcat,  wildflower,  wind  (fall, 
flower,  mill),  wintergreen,  wirework,  wobegone,  wolfhound, 
woman  (kind,  like),  woodwork,  woolsack,  work  (aday,  fel- 
low, man,  woman,  sh),  wristband,  wryneck. 

Hyphenize:  waffle-irons,  wage-  (earner,  worker),  wagon- 
(jack,  load,  train),  waist-  (deep,  high),  wake-robin,  walking- 
(dress,  papers,  stick,  ticket),  wall-  (eyed,  paper),  war- 
(beaten,  bonnet,  chief,  cloud,  club,  cry,  dance,  god,  horse, 
lord,  paint,  path,  plume,  song,  whoop,  worn),  ward-room, 
warm-  (blooded,  hearted),  warming-pan,  warrant-officer, 
wash-  (board,  boiler,  bowl,  cloth,  day,  house,  leather,  stand, 
tub),  waste-basket,  watch-  (case,  chain,  dog,  fire,  glass,  guard, 
meeting,  pocket,  spring,  tower),  water-  (bag,  bottle,  bug, 
butt,  cart,  color,  cracker,  cure,  lily,  logged,  rnark,  power, 
snake,  tower,  wheel,  works;  ice-w.,  rain-w.,  soda-w.), 
weather-  (beaten,  board,  bound,  breeder,  proof,  tight,  wise), 
wedding-  (cake,  day,  dress,  feast,  march,  party,  ring),  week- 
day, well-  (being,  conditioned,  doer,  nigh,  off,  spring,  to-do, 
wisher;  nearly  all  take  hyphen),  West-Indian,  wet-  (cup- 
ping, nurse),  whale-boat,  wharf-rat,  what-not,  whip-  (cord, 
handle,  stitch),  whipper-  (in,  snapper),  whole-souled,  wide- 
(all  take  hyphen),  wig-maker,  will-o'-the-wisp,  willy-nilly, 
wind-storm,  window-  (garden,  pane,  sill,  trimmer),  wine- 
(bibber,  glass),  wire-  (puller,  worker).  Wise-men,  wish-bone, 
witch-hazel,  witness-box,  wonder-worker,  wood-  (cutter,  en- 
graver, knife,  lark,  lily,  lot),  wool-  (gathering,  grower), 
woolly-headed,  word-  (book,  painting,  picture),  work-  (bas- 
ket, bench,  box,  day,  people,  table,  ss),  working-day,  world- 
wide, worldly-   (minded,  wise),  worm-eaten,  worn-out    [adj], 


Credits  43 


would-be  [adj],  writing-  (master,  paper,  table),  wrong-  (do- 
ing, timed). 

Separate:  war  measures,  ware  (Delft  w.,  Doulton  w., 
Wedgwood  w.,  etc.),  wear  and  tear,  weather  bureau,  woman 
(English  w.,  Scotch  w.,  etc.),  work  (art  w.,  class  w.,  ham- 
mered w.),  working  man,  wrought  iron. 

X 

Consolidate:  xantho  (all  one  word),  xeno  (all  one  word), 
xylo   (all  one  word). 

Hyphenize:  X-ray. 

Y 

Consolidate :  yard  (master,  stick;  barny.,  churchy.,  courty,, 
docky.,  doory.,  gravey.,  schooly.,  shipy.,  sh),  yester  (day,  eve, 
evening,  morning),  yokefellow,  Yuletide. 

Hyphenize:  yard-  (arm,  rope,  sling;  brick-y.,  coal-y., 
lumber-y.,  navy-y.,  tan-y.,  topsail-yards,  etc.),  yawl-rigged, 
year-book. 

Separate:  yard  (back  y.,  front  y.,  prison  y.,  stable  y.).  Yule 
log. 

Z 
Consolidate:  zigzag. 
Separate:  Zend  Avesta. 


V.  CREDITS 

Periodicals.  When  a  periodical  uses  its  own  name  in  an 
article,  set  in  caps  and  small  caps;  when  other  journals  are 
alluded  to,  italicize.  The  name  ot  a  book,  a  journal,  or  a  per- 
sonal name  appended  as  a  credit  to  borrowed  articles,  is  set 
in  italic,  with  a  dash;  if  a  book,  quote.  When  the  name  of 
an  author  and  journal,  or  book,  are  given  together,  set  thus: 
— Doctor  Brooks,  in  Independent,  or  — Longfellow,  "Evan- 
geline." The  same  rule  holds  in  similar  credits  to  extracts 
occurring  in  the  body  of  an  original  article,  which  is  rare. 
When  a  credit  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  sentence  in  the  body  of 
a  paragraph,  enclose  it  in  parentheses  with  period  inside; 
and  if  a  personal  name,  set  in  roman.  An  en  quadrat  or  a 
spaceband  only  should  separate  it  from  period  at  end  of 
sentence.  When  occurring  withia  a  sentence,  credits  should 
be  treated  as  anj^  other  interpolation. 


44  Divisions 


Books.  At  the  end  of  extracts  in  smaller  type,  set  credits 
in  italic  with  dash.  If  a  book,  quote.  If  credit  consists  of 
name  of  author  and  journal,  or  book,  set  as  indicated  under 
"  Periodicals."  Credits  within  paragraphs  and  at  end  of  para- 
graphs, not  in  smaller  type,  are  set  in  roman  enclosed  in 
parentheses,  period  inside,  with  names  of  books  and  journals 
quoted;  as  (Lange.)     or  ("  Creed  and  Dogma."). 

VI.  DIVISIONS 

With  few  exceptions  the  words  here  listed  are  from  the 
Standard  Dictionary,  and  are  divided  on  the  system  of  that 
authority,  which  has  the  merit  of  being  readily  adapted  to  all 
classes  of  words  and  of  furnishing  an  easy  guide  to  pronun- 
ciation. 

General  Rules.  (1)  Observe  that  while  the  two-letter  divi- 
sions shown  in  the  following  list  sometimes  may  be  neces- 
sary, they  should  be  employed  sparingly  in  any  but  narrow 
measures.  (2)  If  possible,  avoid  divisions  of  a  word  on  last 
line  of  column  or  page  of  book.  (3)  Avoid  division  of  words 
in  display  lines  and  on  title-pages.  (4)  Do  not  attempt  to 
divide  such  words  as  a-dult,  a-sleep,  doub-le,  drear-y,  etc. 
(5)  E'.xcept  in  rare  cases,  divide  compound  words  only  at 
compounding  hyphen.  (6)  Divisions  should  not  occur  at  end 
of  more  than  three  consecutive  lines,  except  in  very  narrow 
measures.  In  difficult  cases  it  may  be  preferable  to  letter- 
space  a  word  or  two.  (7)  If  it  is  necessary  to  divide  a  word 
on  the  last  line  of  a  paragraph,  see  that  at  least  four  letters 
go  over.  (8)  In  dividing  Scripture  references,  do  not  drive 
over  one  figure,  and  if  divided  at  the  colon  the  latter  must 
not  go  to  the  next  line. 

SufBxes.  A  recent  edition  of  the  Standard  Dictionary  gives 
this  rule:  "Rule  IV.  Purely  English  suffixes  (-ed,  -er,  -eth, 
-ing,  -ish,  -y)  are  always  kept  distinct  (except  where  the 
terminal  letter  of  the  primitive  word  is  repeated,  as  in 
compel-ling) ;  as  heat-ed,  hat-ed,  bak-er,  speak-er,  speak-est, 
wak-eth,  hast-ing,  freak-ish." 

A 

Abe-lard  abun-dance  ac-cep-tance  ac-cli-ma-tize  acet-yl-ene 
ac-knowl-edg-ment  acous-tic  ac-quain-tance  ac-qui-es-cence 
ac-tress  ad-e-noid  ad-ven-tur-ous  Ag-as-siz  ag-gran-dize-ment 
ag-gres-sive  Al-pine  al-u-min-i-um   ami-ca-ble  anach-ro-nism 


Divisions  45 


anath-e-nia-lize  an-es-lhet-ic  an-tago-nize  an-tici-pa-tion  ar- 
chi-tec-tural  Ar-is-totle  Ar-thii-rian  as-a-fet-i-da  as-cen-dent 
as-ceti-cism  as-phalt  as-sur-ance  as-ter-isk  at-mos-phere  at- 
ten-dant  at-trac-tive  Au-du-bon  aus-pi-cious  au-then-tic 
awak-en 

B 

bak-shish  Bar-me-cide  ba-rome-ter  bar-o-met-ric  ba-sal  ba- 
sil-i-ca  ba-tra-chi-an  bay-o-net  bay-ou  beau-te-ous  Be-el-ze- 
biib  be-go-nia  be-ha-vior  Be-lial  bel-lig-er-ent  be-nevo-lence 
be-nig-nant  beni-son  bit-ing  blas-phe-mous  Bod-lei-an  bra- 
va-do  bra-zen  bri-gade  brig-and  Brob-ding-nag-ian  buc- 
ca-neer  bu-cepha-lus  Bud-dhist  budg-et  bun-ga-low  bur-glar 
bus-tling   butch-er 

C 

caf-fe-ine  Ca-glios-tro  cai-tif  ca-liph  cal-lig-ra-phy  cal-li-o-pe 
cal-lis-then-ics  ca-lyx  Camp-bel-lite  caf-a-van-sa-ry  car-bu- 
ret-er  ca-ress-ing  cari-ca-ture  ca-rou-sal  car-ou-sel,  cary-atid 
cas-ing  cas-u-ist-ry  ca-tas-tro-phe  cen-tu-ri-on  cha-grin  cham- 
ois chap-er-on  chas-ing  chi-ca-nery  chi-gnon  chi-me-ra 
chi-rog-ra-phy  cho-ral  Chris-tol-o-gy  chron-o-log-i-cal  chro- 
nol-o-gy  ci-pher  clan-gor  cleans-ing  cl9s-ing  co-her-ent  colo- 
nel col-o-nize  col-por-tage  com-nienc-ing  con-nois-seur  con- 
tempt-i-ble  con-temp-tu-oiis  con-ve-nient  cor-ralled  cor- 
rc-spon-dencc  cor-robo-ra-tive  cor-us-cated  cou-ra-geous 
crit-i-cal  cu-ra-Qoa  cii-ri-ous  cy-clo-pe-an  cy-no-sure  cza-ri-na 

D 

da-guerre-o-type  dal-li-ance  danc-ing  Dan-ish  Da-ri-us  debo- 
nair dcc-ade  de-ca-dence  de-cid-u-ous  dc-ci-sive  dec-li-na-tion 
de-col-le-te  de-duc-tive  de-li-cious  deli-ques-cence  de-mesne 
de-mo-bil-ize  de-mone-tize  de-mon-strate  dem-on-stra-tion 
de-par-ture  de-pen-dent  dep-re-ca-tory  de-ri-sive  de-sir-ous 
de-spair  des-patch  de-spon-dent  des-ue-tude  di-abo-lism  di- 
lap-i-dat-ed  dil-et-tan-te  diph-the-ria  di-plo-macy  dip-lo-mat 
dir-i-gi-ble  dis-ha-bille  di-shev-eled  dis-in-fec-tant  dis-tinc- 
tion  dis-tinc-tive  dis-trib-ute  dis-tri-bu-tion  dis-tur-bance 
di-vi-sion  drag-on  dra-goon  dra-per-ies  driv-er  drunk-ard 
diidg-eon  du-pli-cate  dup-lic-i-ty  du-rance  du-ress  dwin-dling 
dy-na-mite  dy-nas-ty 

s 

ear-nest  East-er  ec-cen-tric  eco-«iom-i-cal  econ-o-mist  ec-sta- 
sy  ef-fec-tive  ef-fec-tu-al  ef-fi-cient  ef-flo-res-cent  ef-flu-vi-um 


46 


Divisions 


ef-fu-sive  ego-tism  eg-ret  eight-een  elee-mosy-nary  el-e-gi-ac 
elic-it  eli-gi-ble  Elo-him  Elys-i-um  Em-man-u-el  emol-li-ent 
em-per-or  eni-po-ri-um  en-clo-sure  en-co-ini-um  en-deav-or 
en-fi-lade  Eng-land  Eng-lish  en-vel-ope  en-vi-ron  Eph-e-sian 
epiph-a-ny  epis-tle  epi-the-li-um  eq-iier-ry  eq-ui-page  eq-ui-ty 
eq-ui-voque  eru-dite  esoph-a-giis  es-pe-cial-ly  es-thet-ic  es- 
tu-ary  eu-gen-ic  eu-phe-mism  Eur-a-sian  eu-tha-na-sia  evap- 
o-rate  eve-ning  (close  of  day),  even-ing  (making  even), 
ex-ci-sion  exe-ge-sis  exe-unt  ex-hil-a-rate  ex-pec-tancy  ex- 
press-ing  ex-pres-sion   ex-pres-sive   ex-traor-di-nary 

F 

fa-Qade  fac-et  fac-ing  fac-sim-i-le  fall-en  fan-ta-sia  fan-tas- 
ti-cal  fash-ion  fast-en  fa-ther  fat-u-ous  fa-vor  fe-lic-i-tous 
fe-lo-ni-ous  fe-ro-cioiis  fe-roc-ity  fer-ru-gi-nous  fet-id  fe-tor 
fig-ur-a-tive  fi-nesse  fi-nis  flag-el-la-tion  flage-o-let  flag-on  fluc- 
tu-ate  for-ma-tion  form-a-tive  for-mer  (previous),  form-er 
(maker),  for-mu-la  frig-ate  frig-id  fri-gid-ity  fri-vol-ity  friv-o- 
lous  fro-zen  fru-i-tion  ful-mi-nate  fu-ne-re-al 


gai-e-ty  ga-losh  gal-van-ic  gal-va-nize  gan-gre-nous  gaol-er 
Gem-i-ni  gen-e-a-log-i-cal  gen-e-al-ogy  gen-u-flec-tion  geor- 
gic  ges-ture  gir-an-dole  glanc-ing  glis-ten  glyc-er-in  gor- 
geous gram-ma-ri-an  graph-i-cal  graph-ite  griev-ous  guard- 
ian gu-ber-na-to-ri-al  guin-ea  gui-tar  gus-ta-tory  gut-tur-al 
gym-na-si-um  g3^-ra-tion 

H 

hab-it  ha-bit-u-ate  hal-cy-on  ha-rangue  har-ass  ha-rem  har- 
mo-nize  har-vest  hast-ily  ha-ven  heark-en  hea-then  heath-er 
heav-en  heb-dom-a-dal  heg-i-ra  He-lo-ise  hem-or-rhage  herb- 
al her-ba-ri-um  he-red-i-tary  her-e-tic  he-ret-i-cal  her-me- 
neu-tic  hi-er-arch-i-eal  hi-er-o-glyph-ic  ho-mo-ge-ne-ous 
ho-ri-zon  hor-o-scope  hor-ta-tory  ho-san-na  hos-pi-ta-ble 
hos-tler  hust-ings  hus-tle  hy-brid  hy-men-e-al  hyp-no-tize 
hyp-o-chon-dri-ac  hy-poc-ri-sy  hyp-o-crit-i-cal  hy-poth-e-nuse 
hy-poth-e-sis 

I 

ide-al-ize  ig-nor-a-ble  ig-no-ra-mus  ig-no-rance  il-lu-mi-nat- 
ing  il-lus-tra-tive  im-age-ry  im*bro-glio  im-ma-te-ri-al  im-mu- 
ta-bil-i-ty  im-pe-cu-ni-ous  im-pre-sa-rio  im-pri-ma-tur  in-cal- 
cu-la-ble    in-can-des-cent    in-ca-pac-i-tate    in-ci-sion    in-ci-sive 


Divisions  47 


in-ci-vil-i-ty  in-con-sis-ten-cy  in-cor-ri-gi-ble  in-cor-rupt-i-ble 
in-cre-dii-li-ty  in-de-co-rons  in-de-pcn-dencc  in-duc-tive  in-fan- 
tile  in-fe-ri-or  in-ge-nious  in-ge-nu-i-ty  in-gen-u-ous  in-gra-ti- 
ate  in-gre-di-cnt  in-her-ent  in-her-it-ance  in-iq-ui-ty  in-ju-ri- 
ous  in-ner-vate  in-ner-va-tion  in-nu-mer-ablc  in-qui-si-tion 
in-quis-i-tive  in-solv-en-cy  in-spi-ra-tion  in-spir-a-to-ry  in- 
stinc-tive  in-struc-tive  in-ter-loc-u-tor  in-tol-er-ant  in-vo- 
lu-tion  ir-i-des-cent  ir-rel-e-vant  ir-ri-ga-ble  Isa-iah  is-land 
isth-mi-an  ivo-ry 

jack-et  Jac-o-bin  jag-uar  Ja-pan  Jap-a-nese  jave-lin  je-june 
jeop-ard  jer-kin  Jes-u-it-i-cal  jo-cose  joc-und  join-ture  ju-bi- 
lant  ju-bi-late  ju-bi-lee  judg-ment  ju-di-ca-to-ry  ju-di-ci-a-ry 
ju-gu-lar  ju-nior  jun-ket  ju-rid-i-cal  ju-ris-dic-tion  ju-ris-pru- 
dence  ju-rist  ju-ror  jus-ti-ci-a[-ry  Jus-tin-i-an  ju-ve-nile  ju-ve- 
nil-ity  jux-ta-po-si-tion 

K 

ka-lei-do-scope  kan-ga-roo  khe-dive  kin-drcd  ki-ne-to-graph 
kitch-en  kna-very  kna-vish  knowl-edge  ko-dak  koh-i-noor 
kohl-ra-bi  Ko-ran  ko-sher  Kron-os  ku-miss 

L 

la-bi-al  lab-o-ra-to-ry  lab-y-rinth  lack-ey  la-con-ic  lac-qucr 
la-cu-na  la-drone  la-goon  lam-en-ta-ble  la-ment-ed  lam-i-na 
lan-ce-o-late  lan-giiage  lan-guor  La-oc-o-on  La-od-i-ce-an 
lap-i-da-ry  lar-i-at  lar-yn-ge-al  laii-da-num  laud-a-to-ry  lau- 
re-ate  lau-rel  leg-ate  leg-end  lei-sure  le-ni-ent  leop-ard  less-en 
Ics-son  le-vant  Le-vite  lex-i-cog-ra-phcr  lex-i-co-graph-i-cal 
li-ai-son  li-bret-to  li-cen-ti-ate  li-chen  log-a-rithm  lo-gi-cian 
lu-cid  lu-cu-bra-tion  lu-mi-na-ry  lu-mi-nif-er-ous  lu-na-tic  ly- 
on-naise 

M 

nia-che-te  Mach-i-a-vel-li-an  Ma-fia  ma-lign  ma-lig-nan-cy  ma- 
ncu-ver  ma-no-ri-al  Ma-ri-ol-a-try  mar-i-o-nette  ma-tu-ri-ty 
mau-so-le-iim  me-chan-i-cal  mech-a-ni-cian  me-ringue  mi- 
i^non-ette  mi-nu-tiae  mi-rac-u-loiis  mi-rage  mis-ogy-nist  Mo- 
ham-me-dan  moi-ety  moi-re  mo-les-ta-tion  mon-ar-chi-cal 
mo-nop-o-list  mo-rose  mor-tu-ary  mo-sa-ic  moth-er  mu-si- 
cian  mys-te-ri-ous  mys-ti-cal-ly  mys-ti-cism  myth-o-log-i-cal 
my-thol-o-gy 

N 

Na-iad  na-"ive-te  naph-tha  Na-p»-le-on  nat-u-ral-ly  nau-seous 
nau-ti-lus  nav-i-ga-ble  nec-es-sa-ry  ne-ces-si-tate  ne-crol-o-gy 


48 


Divisions 


nec-ro-man-cy  ne-fa-ri-ous  neg-lect  nep-o-tism  no-mad-ic 
non-cha-lance  Non-con-form-ist  non-pa-reil  noth-ing  no-to- 
ri-ous  nu-ga-to-ry  nu-mer-i-cal  nu-mis-mat-ic  nun-ci-a-ture 
nu-tri-ment 

O 

obei-sance  ob-li-ga-to-ry  ob-liq-ui-ty  ob-se-qui-ous  ob-tru- 
sive  oc-cult-ism  oc-ta-gon  oft-en  oli-gar-chy  Olym-pi-ad 
om-nis-cient  om-niv-o-rous  op-a-del-doc  opal-es-cence  oph- 
thal-mic  op-por-tu-nist  op-pro-bri-ous  op-ti-mism  or-chid 
or-di-na-ri-ly  or-gie  ori-flamme  orig-i-nate  or-ni-tho-log-ical 
or-tho-dox 

P 

pal-mis-try  pa-pier-ma-che  pa-py-rus  par-ab-o-la  par-he-li-on 
pa-rish-ion-er  pa-ro-chi-al  pas-quin-ade  pe-nu-ri-ous  per-spi- 
cac-i-ty  pes-si-mism  phi-lan-thro-py  Phi-lis-tine  Phoe-ni-cian 
phthi-sis  phys-i-cal  phy-si-cian  pir-ou-ette  plac-id  pla-gi-a- 
rize  plea-sure  pleas-ant  Plei-a-des  po-ta-ble  prec-e-dent  prej- 
u-dice  pri-me-val  pro-bos-cis  pro-gress  [v]  prog-ress  [n]  pro- 
le-ta-ri-at  pro-nounc-ing  Prot-es-tant  Ptol-e-ma-ic  pto-maine 
puer-ile  pul-ver-ize  pu-sil-lan-i-mous  pu-ta-tive  py-ram-i-dal 
py-ri-tes   Py-thag-o-re-an 

Q 

quad-ra-ture  qua-drille  quad-ru-ma-nous  quak-ing  quan-da-ry 
quat-rain  qua-ver  que-ry  quin-tes-sence  Qui-ri-nal  quiv-er 
quiz-zi-cal  quod-li-bet  quo-rum  quo-tid-i-an 

R 

ra-di-a-tion  rec-i-proc-i-ty  rec-on-noi-ter  ref-er-able  ref-or- 
ma-tion  re-gime  rel-e-gat-ing  re-lig-ion  re-luc-tant  rem-i-nis- 
cent  ren-dez-vous  re-nais-sance  rep-re-sen-ta-tive  req-ui-site 
re-spect-a-ble  re-spec-tive  re-spon-dent  re-veil-le  rev-er-ie  ric- 
o-chet  ri-der  rig-ging  rig-or  ris-ing  ri-val-ing  rogu-ish  ro- 
tun-di-ty  ru-mor 

S 

sac-ri-le-gious  safe-ty  sa-gac-i-ty  sa-la-ble  salm-on  Sa-mar-i- 
tan  sanc-ti-mo-ni-ous  San-he-drin  San-skrit  sa-pi-ent  sar-cas- 
ti-cal-ly  sa-vant  Sav-iour  self-ish  Sem-it-ic  se-nior  ser-vant 
ses-a-me  Se-vres  shad-ow  shoul-der  sim-i-an  sim-i-le  sof-ten 
sold-er  so-no-rous  so-phis-ti-cal  sov-er-eign  spe-cial  star-tling 
sto-lid-ity  strid-ing  strik-ing  stro-phe  stu-pen-dous  sub-urb 
sug-ges-tive  su-pine  Swe-den-bor-gi-an  sym-po-si-um  syn- 
chro-nous syn-o-vi-al  sy-rin-ga  sys-tem-a-tize  sys-to-le 


I>ivtsions  49 


T 

ta-bleau  tac-ti-cian  tak-ing  ta-ma-ble  tan-ta-lize  ta-ran-tu-la 
tar-pau-lin  tast-ing  te-leg-ra-pher  te-nac-ity  ten-den-cy  ten-u- 
ity  ter-ti-a-ry  tes-ta-ment  tex-ture  the-oc-ra-cy  Ther-mopy-lae 
Thes-sa-lo-ni-an  thou-sand  to-pog-ra-phy  top-o-graph-i-cal 
tran-scen-dent  tran-si-tive  trav-el-er  trav-erse  tre-men-dous 
treph-ine  tri-bu-nal  trib-une  trib-ute  tri-um-vi-rate  trou-ba- 
dour  troub-led  trump-ery  trum-pet  Tii-bing-en 

U 

ubiq-ui-ty  ul-te-ri-or  ul-tra-mon-ta-nism  una-nim-ity  un-de- 
ci-ded  un-guent  un-ion  Uni-ta-ri-an  un-mit-i-gat-ed  un-nec- 
es-sa-ry  un-sus-pi-cious  ur-chin  usa-ble  usu-al  usu-fruct  usu- 
ri-ous  util-i-ta-ri-an  util-ize   Uto-pi-an  uvu-la  ux-o-ri-ous 


vac-ci-na-tion  vac-il-la-tion  vacu-um  Va-len-ci-ennes  va-lise 
val-or  va-por  va-rie-gated  Vat-i-can  veg-e-ta-ri-an  ve-he-ment 
ve-hi-cle  ve-loc-i-ty  vel-vet-een  ve-neer  Ve-ne-tian  ven- 
geance ve-ni-al  ven-tur-ous  ve-rac-i-ty  ver-di-gris  veri-si-mil- 
i-tude  ver-i-ta-ble  vi-cious  vi-cis-si-tude  vict-uals  vi-gnette  vi- 
o-lon-cel-lo  vi-ril-ity  vot-ing  vo-tive  voy-a-geur  vul-can-ite 
vul-ga-ri-an 

W 

Wag-ne-ri-an  wak-ing  wast-ing  weap-on  weath-er  whin-ing 
whis-per  whis-tling  wid-en  Wil-liam  wres-tling  writ-ing  Wy- 
an-dotte  Wyc-liff-ite 

X 

Xan-tip-pe  Xav-i-er  Xen-o-phon  Xe-res  Xerx-es  xy-lo-phone 

Y 
Ya-ma  Yan-kee  yearn-ing  yo-del  yo-kel  yok-ing 

Z 

zems-tvo  zen-a-na  ze-nith  zeph-yr  zinn-ia  zo-di-ac  zo-o-log- 
i-cal  zo-ol-o-gy  Zwin-gli-an  zy-mot-ic 


so  Figures 


VII.  FIGURES 

General  Matter.  1.  In  most  books,  and  in  periodical 
publications  (other  than  reports,  proceedings,  year-books, 
minutes,  etc.)  where  groups  of  figures  are  occasionally  em- 
ployed, such  matter  cannot  properly  be  classified  as  "  sta- 
tistics ";  therefore  these  groups  will  be  subject  to  rules  gov- 
erning ordinary  reading  matter.  (1)  In  periodicals  amounts 
expressed  by  less  than  four  units  should  be  spelled  out,  and 
all  others  set  in  figures,  e.  g.,  "  In  the  course  of  ten  weeks 
two  hundred  and  ninety  houses  were  visited  and  4,560  pages 
of  tracts  distributed."  (2)  When  one  or  more  "  round  num- 
bers "  are  to  be  expressed,  i.  e.,  such  amounts  as  "  four  thou- 
sand," "  ten  millions,"  etc.,  they  should  only  be  spelled  out 
zuhen  standing  alone,  i.  e.,  when  no  mixed  numbers  occur  in 
the  series  of  numbers;  but  when  they  form  a  group  with 
mixed  numbers,  figures  must  be  used,  should  the  said  round 
and  mixed  numbers  consist  of  four  or  more  units.  "  About 
10,000  men  were  in  line,  divided  into  groups  of  twenty  and 
fifty  each,  aggregating  6,350  on  foot  and  3,500  horsemen. 
These  were  officered  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  prominent 
citizens." 

2.  In  books  of  a  general  character  all  numbers  other  than 
money  values  should  be  spelled  out,  except  in  footnotes. 

3.  Monetary  amounts  of  less  than  four  units  should  be 
spelled  out,  larger  amounts  expressed  in  figures,  e.  g.,  "  One 
hundred  roubles,"  "$56.12,"  "1,650  roubles,"  "three  hundred 
and  seventy-five  dollars,"  "  $5,670,"  "  one  hundred  pounds," 
"  £10,  Ss,  6d."  The  rule  as  to  "  round  "  and  "  complex  "  num- 
bers already  given,  applies  also  to  monetary  amounts,  e.  g., 
"This  house  cost  $10,000;  that  brought  only  $6,500;  Winslow 
paid  $4,000  for  his,  and  White  still  less,  $2,580." 

4.  W^herever  it  is  possible  to  do  so  with  consistency,  spell 
out,  in  books  and  periodicals  alike,  large  even  numbers  re- 
quiring for  their  expression  several  ciphers,  as  ten  millions, 
three  billions,  etc. 

5.  Do  not  add  ciphers  (.00)  to  statement  of  even  dollars 
exceeding  $9.00,  except  that  the  ciphers  must  be  used  in  such 
a  case  as  this:  "These  will  cost  from  $5.00  to  $20.00,"  not 
$5.00  to  $20.  Set  $1.50,  not  $150.00.  This  does  not  apply  to 
tabular  matter. 

6.  In  setting  Scripture  references,  whether  in  parentheses 
or  not,  use  figures. 


Figures  51 


7.  Always  spell  out  amounts  when  beginning  a  sentence  or 
immediately  following  a  colon,  except  figures  that  occur  in 
the  regular  notation.  In  spelling  out  amounts  over  one  thou- 
sand, set  thus:  "one  thousand  six  hundred  and  forty  men," 
not  "  sixteen  hundred  and  forty  men."  An  exception  is  al- 
lowed when  dates  are  written  out,  as  "  nineteen  hundred  and 
fourteen,"  or  centuries  expressed,  as  "  sixteen  hundred  years," 
i.  e.,  sixteen  centuries. 

8.  "  Five  to  ten  dollars "  is  permissible,  but  repeat  the 
dollar-mark  if  figures  are  used:  "$8.00  to  $10.00." 

Decimals  are  expressed  by  figures.  Use  cipher  if  no  unit 
is  given  in  copy:  0.163,  7.9658.  Specific  gravity,  2:50;  39.5  per 
cent. 

Degrees.  Longitude  75°  06'  08",  or  spell  out:  Longitude 
sevent3^-five  degrees  six  minutes  eight  seconds  (without 
commas).  The  use  of  figures  is  preferable  when  occurring 
frequently  or  in  scientific  matter.  Degrees  of  temperature, 
70°  F.,  60.5°,  10°  Centigrade,  37°  Reaumur.  Usually  single 
figures  are  better  spelled  out,  as  "  six  degrees  below  zero." 

Dimensions,  Distances,  Measures.  Spell  out  unless  other- 
wise instructed,  as  eight  by  ten  inches;  four  miles  and  ten 
furlongs;  thirty  centimeters;  five  feet  six  inches;  in  articles 
of  a  technical  character,  feet  and  inches  are  sometimes  ex- 
pressed thus:  6'  3",  and  may  stand  if  so  written  in  copy; 
twenty-five  six-inch  guns;  one  hundred  bushels;  forty  gal- 
lons; fifty  pounds;  three  hundred  weight;  eight  hundred  to 
one  thousand  tons;  five  to  seven  pints,  etc.  In  scientific  or 
semiscientific  articles,  figures  may  be  used  as  follows:  4 
ounces,  2  drams,  3  scruples,  20  grains.  In  catalogue  work, 
book  notices,  and  generally,  set  sizes  of  books  as  follows: 
8vo,  12mo,  16mo,  24mo,  etc.  In  casual  reference,  in  ordinary 
reading  matter,  "  octavo  "  and  "  duodecimo  "  may  be  used. 
Unless  otherwise  directed  avoid  "  twenty-fourmo,"  "  thirty- 
twomo,"  etc. 

Footnotes.  Superior  figures,  with  rare  exceptions,  are  to 
be  used  to  indicate  footnotes. 

Fractions.  In  ordinary  reading  matter,  spell  out.  Three 
seven-eighths-inch  boards,  one-fourth  (or  one-quarter),  two- 
thirds. 

Time.  10.15  a.  m.,  but  four  o'clock,  half  past  ten,  "  the 
nine  thirty-five  train,"  etc.  "^t  was  an  eight-hours'  task." 
See  II,  "Clock  Time." 


52  Footnotes — Foreign  Languages 


VIII.  FOOTNOTES 

Unless  otherwise  instructed,  follow  copy  regarding  abbrevi- 
ations of  names  of  books  and  the  use  of  "  Volume,"  "  Book," 
"  Chapter,"  etc.  It  is  not  the  printer's  function  to  amend  an 
author's  notes.  For  example,  "  German  Literature,"  Vol.  II, 
p.  14.  If  written  "  German  Lit.,"  II,  14,  follow  copy.  Where 
fif.  occurs  use  one  f.,  roman  with  period,  as  See  p.  450f.  Set 
ibid.,  seq.,  and  cf.  in  roman.  See  II,  "  Latin  Words."  When 
an  author  systematically  writes  cf.  never  change  it  to  comp. 
or  compare,  and  if  the  latter  form  is  used  in  copy  do  not 
change  to  cf.  Use  p.  and  pp.  for  page  and  pages,  chap,  for 
chapter  and  chapters,  sec.  for  section  and  sections,  vol.  for 
volume  and  volumes.  When  followed  by  roman  numerals 
these  and  similar  words  should  be  capitalized.  For  example, 
See  chap.  3,  but  Chap.  Ill;  fig.  4,  but  Fig.  IV;  part  5,  but 
Part  V;  sec.  6,  but  Sec.  VI;  vol.  2,  but  Vol.  II,  etc. 

In  the  body  of  a  book  or  article  use  superior  figures,  close 
up,  to  designate  footnotes,  and  in  books  set  the  latter  in  six- 
point.  The  notes  in  each  chapter  should  be  consecutively 
numbered  to  end  of  chapter. 

Proof-readers  are  not  expected  to  verify  references  in  foot- 
notes. If  there  seems  to  be  an  error,  the  sentence  may  be 
queried. 

Author's,  Editor's,  and  Translator's  Notes.  Set  in  small 
caps  the  introductory  word  "  Note  "  (if  used),  and  the  signa- 
tures, "  Editor,"  etc.,  spelled  out  or  abbreviated  as  in  copy. 
Do  not  use  dash  before  signature.  When  the  note  precedes 
or  follows  the  article,  it  may  be  set  in  same  type  or 
smaller,  as  ma}^  be  specially  designated.  When  the  note  oc- 
curs within  the  body  of  a  paragraph  it  should  be  enclosed  in 
parentheses. 

IX.  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES 

French.  The  accents  used  in  the  French  language  are  es- 
sential to  correct  spelling  and  pronunciation. 

Hyphenize  geographical  names,  such  as  £tats-Unis,  Sud- 
Amerique,  Port-au-Prince.  Adjectives  derived  from  names 
of  nations  are  not  capitalized:  americain,  anglais,  frangais, 
italien,    etc.      Omit    space    after    apostrophe   used    to    denote 


Foreign  Languages  53 

elision  of  a  vowel,  as  in  aujourd'hui,  d'autres,  d'un,  c'est, 
entr'acte,  qu'il.  Preceding  a  name,  monsieur,  mademoiselle, 
and  sometimes  madame,  are  abbreviated:  M.,  Mile.,  Mme. 
Frequently  madame,  and  sometimes  mademoiselle,  are 
spelled  out  when  preceding  a  name;  in  such  a  case  they  are 
not  capitalized  unless  they  begin  a  sentence:  madame  de 
Chevreuse,  mademoiselle  de  Montpensier.  So  with  other 
titles:  le  general  marquis  de  la  Veyle,  le  docteur  Rousseau, 
I'abbe  Rouquart.  (This  applies  only  to  articles  entirely  in 
French.) 

In  dividing  French  words  observe  the  following  rules: 
When  a  single  consonant  stands  between  two  vowels  it  fol- 
lows the  hyphen:  ame-ner,  heu-reuse-ment,  d'a-vance,  I'e-cart, 
ils  eprou-vent,  je  re-di-sais.  Except  (1)  "x"  must  not  be 
separated  from  prefix  to  which  it  belongs;  ex-alter,  deuxie- 
me,  sixie-me.  (2)  Words  beginning  with  the  prefixes  des,  in, 
and  sub  must  be  divided  on  the  prefix:  des-honneur,  des- 
obeir,  in-ofTensif,  sub-alterne. 

Double  consonants  may  be  divided:  bon-homme,  cares-ses, 
tran-quil-le-ment;  except  that  the  following  double  conso- 
nants must  go  with  the  vowel  that  follows:  bl,  br,  ch,  chl, 
chr,  cl,  cr,  dl,  dr,  fl,  fr,  gl,  gn,  ph,  phi,  pi,  pr,  qu,  rh,  th,  thl, 
thr,  tr,  vr,  as  in  ou-bli,  tran-chant,  re-gle,  espie-glerie,  sei- 
gneur, per-plexite,  poi-trine,  jus-que,  etc. 

Many  words  pronoimced  as  one  syllable  may  be  divided  if 
necessary,  as  bon-ne,  cha-que,  Char-les,  char-me,  etc.,  the 
divisions  being  subject  to  above  rules. 

Italian.  The  grave  accent,  so  frequently  used  in  Italian,  is 
essential  to  good  spelling  and  pronunciation.  The  acute  ac- 
cent is  less  frequently  employed.  Some  authors  use  it  (1) 
over  "i"  in  words  ending  in  ia  and  io,  e.  g.,  pazzia,  addio. 
(2)  In  words  that  have  a  double  signification,  e.  g.,  tenere, 
to  hold,  and  tenere,  tender;  ancora,  again,  and  ancora,  an 
anchor. 

K,  w,  X,  and  y  are  not  found  in  the  Italian  alphabet. 

The  apostrophe  that  marks  the  elision  of  a  vowel  should 
be  separated  from  the  following  word  by  a  thin  space,  as 
deir  altare,  ch'  era. 

Adjectives  derived  from  names  of  countries  are  not  capi- 
talized: americano,  inglese,  etc.    . 

In  words  composed  of  alternate  single  vowels  and  conso- 
nants, divide  on  the  vowel:  co-lo-ro,  sta-tu-ra. 


54  Foreign  Languages 

Two  or  more  consonants  may  be  divided:  accioc-che  al-tri- 
menti,  cin-tura,  cor-po,  del-la,  dis-se,  pron-te-menti,  quan-do, 
stes-sa,  tor-nare. 

When  standing-  together  these  consonants  always  follow 
the  hyphen:  br,  ch,  gh,  gl,  gn,  gr,  pr,  sc,  sp,  st,  tr;  as  leb- 
bro-si,  an-che,  pia-ghe,  de-gli,  re-gno,  rin-graziare,  so-pra, 
di-sce-poli,  ri-spon-dendo,  pa-store,  in-trante. 

Do  not  separate  diphthongs  and  triphthongs:  gior-no, 
fi-gliuo-li,  fan-ciul-la,  qualun-que,  mae-stro. 

One-letter  divisions  are  permissible  when  preceded  by  a 
word  with  elided  vowel,  as  ch'  e-gli,  etc. 

Signore  drops  the  "  e  "  when  followed  by  a  proper  noun 
beginning  with  any  other  letter  than  "  s." 

Spanish.  The  letters  "  k  "  and  "  w  "  are  not  found  in  the 
Spanish  alphabet,  while  on  the  other  hand  it  contains  several 
consonants  peculiar  to  the  language,  viz.,  ch.,  11,  fi,  and  rr. 

The  question-mark  is  not  only  used  at  the  end,  but  is  also 
placed,  inverted,  at  the  beginning  of  a  question:  "iQue  ha 
hecho  Vd.?"  The  exclamation-point  is  used  in  the  same 
manner:  "  ;  Hola!  " 

The  dieresis  is  only  used  over  the  "  u  "  of  ue  and  ui  when 
the  "  u  "  is  to  be  sounded. 

The  accented  n  is  one  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

The  acute  accent  is  commonly  placed  over  that  vowel  on 
which  stress  is  laid  in  pronouncing,  but  it  has  other  impor- 
tant uses:  (1)  To  distinguish  words  that  are  spelled  alike, 
but  have  a  different  meaning,  as  el  (he,  him)  and  el  (the); 
si  (yes)  and  si  (if),  and  others.  (2)  To  denote  certain  tenses 
of  the  verbs.  (3)  The  vowels  a,  e,  6,  u  are  always  accented 
when  used  as  prepositions  or  conjunctions. 

Adjectives  derived  from  names  of  nations  are  not  capital- 
ized: americano,  cubano,  espafiol,  frances. 

A  consonant  standing  between  two  vowels  belongs  to  the 
vowel  that  follows  it:  se-fio-ra,  lle-var,  se-gun-do.  As  ch, 
11,  fi,  and  rr  are  regarded  as  single  consonants,  the  foregoing 
rule  applies  to  them:  no-che,  mu-cha-cho,  ca-lle,  ma-na-na, 
ci-ga-rro. 

When  1  and  r  are  preceded  by  any  consonant  except  s,  do 
not  separate  them  from  the  consonant:  do-blarse,  cam-brara, 
pu-drir.  Exceptions  are  found  in  the  prefix  "sub":  sub- 
lunar, sub-rayar,  and  in  the  words  at-leta  and  at-lante. 


Initials  55 


Two  consonants  coming  between  two  vowels  may  be  di- 
vided: al-guna,  her-mana,  mar-tir. 

When  "  s  "  stands  between,  or  is  followed  by,  two  conso- 
nants, it  precedes  the  hyphen:  abs-tener,  cons-truir,  pers- 
picaz,  nues-tros,  etc. 

Two  vowels  coming  together  may  be  separated:  le-er,  pi- 
isimo,  co-operar. 

Four  consonants  coming  between  two  vowels  are  equally 
divided,  as  trans-cribir,  etc. 

Diphthongs  and  triphthongs  must  not  be  separated:  cau-sa, 
gra-cio-so,  iqual-mente,  te-niais. 

Set  ordinals  thus:  1"  (primo),  2"  (segundo),  in  arable  fig- 
ures with  superior  " "." 

X.  INITIALS 

Initials,  when  called  for,  will  be  marked  in  copy  of  books. 
In  periodicals,  initials  are  not  used  in  editorial  matter.  As 
a  rule,  subject  of  course  to  editorial  decision,  only  original 
articles  that  make  at  least  four  inches,  and  reprint  articles 
that  make  eight  inches  of  type  matter  take  initials. 

The  first  line  accompanying  initial  letters  (other  than  F, 
P,  T,  V,  W,  and  Y)  should  be  set  flush,  and  the  following 
lines,  so  far  as  afifected  by  the  initials,  should  be  given  an  en 
indention.     This  when  the  initjal  forms  part  of  a  word. 

MORE  than  twenty-four  thousand  rides  have  been  given 
to  the  aged,  afflicted,  and  the  children  of  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  by  the  "Boyer  Joy-giving  Car,  which  was  purchased 
by  the  subscriptions  of  at  least  ten  thousand  men,  women,  and 
children  from  Sunday  schools,  Bible  classes,  Christian  Endeavor 

EARLY  in  Hfe  we  begin  to  follow  ideals.  We  pick  out  the 
greatest  men  of  history  and  science,  music  and  art,  and 
resolve  within  our  hearts  to  pattern  our  Hves  like  unto 
theirs.  In  our  ambitious  moments  we  think  how  great  it  would 
be  to  go  down  on  history's  page  as  a  renowned  figure,  a  man 

COLUMN,  halt !  Right  face  !  Salute !  "  The  long  column, 
the  Boy  Scouts  and  band  in  lead,  was  swinging  down  the 
street.  Following,  some  in  automobiles  and  some  afoot, 
were  the  veterans  of  '61  and  '98,  e^orting  the  boys  returned  from 
the  World  War. 


56 


Initials 


Against   the    initials    F,    P,   T,   V,   W,   and   Y   all   the   lines 
should  be  set  flush. 

FOR  many  centuries  the  ceremony  of  the  Holy  Fire  has  been 
observed  in  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  on  the 
Saturday  preceding  the  Oriental  Easter.  Pilgrims  have 
flocked  from  all  parts  of  Christendom  to  witness  this  "  mir- 
acle," to  the  minds  of  the  masses  a  veritable  descent  of  fire 
from  God. 

PAUL  showed  the  two  letters  to  his  mother  next  morning, 
for  he  had  not  told  her  of  the  investigations  he  was  mak- 
ing. She  seemed  to  be  favorably  inclined  to  the  idea,  and 
Mr.  Rodney  thought  that  it  might  perhaps  make  a  good  base  of 
operations  during  the  summer,  especially  as  little  Ruth  was 

THE  great  reason  why  baseball  is  so  much  liked  in  our 
country  is  because  of  its  being  full  of  quick,  exciting  action, 
and  most  of  all  because  the  games  are  always  played  on 
the  square.  People  going  to  see  them  know  there'll  be  no  swin- 
dling; that  each  player  will  do  his  best.    And  so,  win  or  lose, 

VERNA  asked  old  Dr.  William  Ashmore,  when  he  had  come 
home  after  fifty  years  of  strenuous  and  successful  mis- 
sionary service  in  China,  "  What  are  the  chief  qualifica- 
tions that  go  to  the  making  of  a  good  missionary?  Does  it 
require  years  of  hard  study  and  application  to  become  suc- 
cessful, or  is  a  person  a  born  missionary?" 

WHAT  do  you  think !  "  cried  George  Halstead,  bursting 
into  the  office.  "  Our  new  neighbor  up  the  river  is  a 
missionary.  Just  fancy!  And  he  seemed  such  a  pleas- 
ant sort  of  chap.  Another  one  of  those  chaps  who  stir  up 
the   natives   and   give   them   set-up   ideas   about   themselves." 

YOU  are  not  employed  now,  are  you,  Miss  Clay?  I  wonder 
if  you  wouldn't  like  to  come  and  help  us  with  our  rum- 
mage sale  next  week.  Several  girls  from  your  class  are 
going  to  help.  And  really  you  get  more  fun  than  work  out  of  it. 
It  will  be  down  on  Nineteenth  Street,  you  know,  and  some  of  the 

When  A,  I,  and  C)  are  used  as  words,  all  lines  affected  by 
the  initial  should  be  set  flush. 


Initials 


57 


A  BOY  who  owns  a  dog  should  know  something  about  how 
to  treat  and  care  for  him  properly.  A  dog  on  the  farm 
looks  out  for  himself  largely,  if  he  is  fed  once  a  day  and 
has  a  comfortable  place  to  sleep  in  winter.  But  the  town  dogs 
lead  a  more  or  less  unnatural  life  and  must  be  assisted  in  caring 

The  following  table  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  spacing  initials: 


YOUNG  PEOPLE 
Three  lines,  two  lines  one  en  more 


A— 3— 0—0 
B— 2— 1— 0 
C— 2— 1— 0 
D— 3— 0— 0 
E— 2— 1— 1 
F— 2— 1— 0 
G— 3— 0— 0 
H— 3— 0— 1 
I— 1— 1— 0 


J-1-1-1 
K— 2— 1— 1 
L— 2— 1— 1 
M— 3— 1— 0 
N— 3— 0— 1 
O— 3— 0— 1 
P— 2— 1— 0 
Q-3-0-1 
R— 2— 1— 1 


GIRL'S  WORLD, 

YOUTH'S  WORLD,  and 

JUNIOR  WORLD 

Three  lines,  two  lines  one  en  more 


A— 2— 0—1 
B— 2— 0— 0 
C_2— 0— 1 
D_2— 0— 0 
E— 1— 1— 1 
F— 1— 1— 1 
G— 2— 1— 0 
H— 2— 0— 1 
I_0_1_1 


J— 1— 0— 1 
K— 2— 0— 1 
L— 1— 1— 1 
M— 2— 1— 0 
N— 2— 0— 1 
O— 2— 1— 0 
P— 2— 0— 0 
Q-2-li^O 
R— 2— 0— 0 


S— 1— 1— 1 
T_l_l_l 
U— 2— 0— 1 
V— 2— 0— 1 
W— 2— 1— 1 
X— 2— 0— 0 
Y— 2— 0— 0 

Z— 2— 0— 0 


S8  Italic 

OUR  LITTLE  ONES 

Three-line  initial.     Two  lines  en  indention 

A— 2— 1—0  J_l_0_l  S— 1— 1— 1 

B— 2— 0— 0  K— 2— 1— 0  T— 2— 0— 1 

C— 2— 0— 1  L— 2— 0— 0  U— 2— 1— 0 

D— 2— 1— 0  M— 2— 1— 1  V— 2— 1— 0 

E— 2— 0— 0  N— 2— 0— 1  W— 3— 0— 1 

F— 1— 1— 1  O— 2— 1— 0  X— 2— 1— 0 

G— 2— 1— 0  p_2— 0— 0  Y— 2— 1— 0 

H— 2— 1— 0  Q_2— 1— 1  z— 2— 0— 1 

I_0_l_l  R_2— 0— 1 

XL  ITALIC 

The  excessive  use  of  italic  is  a  typographical  blemish.  In 
ordinary  sentences  it  is  only  when  a  word  or  phrase  de- 
mands especial  emphasis  that  italic  should  be  used,  and  un- 
less directions  are  given  to  the  contrary,  underscoring  in 
copy  may  be  ignored  with  the  above  exception.  This  of 
course  does  not  include  those  books  and  articles  where  italic 
is  used  for  a  special  purpose. 

Foreign  Words.  1.  Isolated  phrases  and  sentences  from 
modern  foreign  languages  may  be  set  in  italic  unless  they  occur 
frequently  in  an  article  or  book,  when  they  should  be  set  in 
roman.  Single  words  may  be  set  in  roman  unless  directions 
are  given  to  the  contrary.  (See  3  for  exception.)  The  itali- 
cizing of  unimportant  foreign  words  such  as  "  mio,"  "  pesos," 
"  lieber,"  "  mon  ami,"  "  canon,"  and  the  like,-  is  unsightly  in 
the  ratio  of  its  frequency.  As  italics  shed  no  light  on  the 
rneaning  of  such  words,  it  seems  like  empty  affectation  to  so 
distinguish  them.  -  Practically  anglicized  foreign  words 
should  retain  the  accents.  Here  is  a  partial  list,  including 
some  Latin  words  that  should  be  setjn  roman:  addenda,  ad 
valorem,  alias,  ante  bellum,  attacKe,  cafe,  cafion,  carte 
blanche,  charge  d'affaires,  confrere,  debris,  debut,  denoue- 
ment, dramatis  personse,  eclat,  entree,  et  al,  expose,  fagade, 
fete,  habitue,  in  memoriam,  matinee,  musicale  (no  accent), 
naive,  naivete,  nee,  per  annum,  per  capita,  per  cent,  per  se, 
prima  facie,  pro  rata,  protege,  protegee  (fcm.),  regime,  resume, 
role,  soiree,  the  Benedictus,  the  Magnificat,  the  Nunc  Di- 
mittis,  versus,  via,  vice  versa,  vide,  viz. 


Italic  59 


2.  Italicize  Latin  form  of  botanical,  entomological,  and  zo- 
ological names,  and  Latin  words  generally,  except  those 
listed  in  preceding  paragraph;  also  words  from  the  Hebrew 
and  ancient  Greek.  Abbreviated  Latin  terms  such  as  ibid., 
etc.,  set  in  roman.     See  II,  "  Latin  Words." 

3.  When  foreign  words  and  phrases  are  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  translation,  the  former  are  to  be  italicized  and  the 
translation  set  in  roman  and  enclosed  in  parentheses,  as 
"  Here  kolakeia  (flattery)  is  the  better  expression."  "  C'est  un 
fait  accompli  (That  is  a  thing  already  done)." 

4.  In  books,  set  names  of  foreign  books  and  journals  in 
roman,  quoted.  In  periodicals  set  names  of  journals  in  italic, 
without  quotes,  and  of  books  in  roman,  quoted. 

5.  Herr,  Frau,  Fraulein,  mademoiselle,  senor,  seiiora,  sefiorita, 
signore,  and  other  foreign  appellations  come  under  rule  given 
(page  58),  and  should  not  be  set  in  italic  when  preceding  a 
name  or  used  in  place  of  it. 

Punctuation  Marks.  The  following  rules  may  be  observed 
in  the  use  of  points  of  punctuation  in  mixed  roman  and  italic 
sentences  and  small-cap  lines: 

L  Quotation-marks.  Italic  quotes  should  be  used  only  when 
the  entire  phrase  or  sentence  quoted  is  in  italic.  The  fact  that 
the  first  or  the  last  word  is  in  italic  does  not  call  for  the  use 
of  italic  quotes. 

2.  Other  Points.  When  the  last  word  of  a  phrase  is  in 
italic,  and  is  followed  by  a  comma,  colon,  semicolon,  excla- 
mation, or  interrogation  point,  the  point  should  be  in  italic. 
When  parens  enclose  one  or  several  italic  words  the  parens 
may  be  set  in  roman,  unless  the  entire  sentence  is  in  italic. 

3.  Small- cap  Lines.  Roman  quotes  and  punctuation  marks 
should  invariably  be  used.  Italic  punctuation  in  a  small-cap 
line  is  bad  typog"raph3^ 

Responsive  and  Dramatic  Readings.  Set  in  italic  with  pe- 
riod such  words  as  "Teachers,"  "Scholars,"  "All,"  etc.,  pre- 
ceding alternate  readings.  Italicize  and  enclose  in  brackets 
all  side-directions  in  dialogues,  recitations,  and  dramatic 
pieces.     See  XIV,  "  Brackets." 

Titles  following  signatures  to  letters,  minutes,  and  reports 
should  be  set  in  italic :  Joseph  James,  Secretary.  The  same 
holds  true  when  several  name*  are  given  and  the  word 
"Committee"  follows.     See  II  and  III. 


6o  Notation 


XII.  NOTATION 

1.  Numerals  may  be  employed  (1)  as  adjectives:  Parts  1, 
2,  3;  or  "  the  first  man,"  "  the  third  tier."  (2)  As  nouns:  "  He 
is  a  good  second."  (3)  As  adverbs  of  the  order  of  time: 
First  (not  firstly),  secondly,  thirdly,  etc.  "  First,  concentrate 
your  attention,"  "  Secondly,  consider  another  phase."  When 
the  adverbial  form  is  used  the  character  of  the  sentence  will 
determine  whether  a  comma  or  a  period  must  follow  the  ad- 
verb. This  form  is  not  often  really  demanded  by  the  text, 
and  its  indiscriminate  use  should  be  avoided.  As  a  rule  fol- 
low copy. 

2.  Use  the  following  order  of  notation:  I,  1,  (1),  (a),  (aa),  the 
letters  being  italic,  but  not  the  parentheses.  In  hand  composi- 
tion an  en  quad  follows  the  notation,  on  linotype  machines  use 
a  spaceband  only. 

3.  If  the  regular  order  of  notation  is  not  required,  and  yet 
within  a  paragraph  figures  are  employed  to  mark  several  di- 
visions of  a  subject,  set  in  arable  numerals  enclosed  in  paren- 
theses, without  the  period,  as  (1)  (2)  (3).  It  is  obvious  that 
this  cannot  apply  when  a  fuller  notation  is  desired,  hence  its 
use  is  limited. 


I 


Proof-reader's  Marks  6i 


XIII.  PROOF-READER'S  MARKS 

PLAYING  the^ GAME  QaAo 

X  f^  Rob/rt  Louis  Stevenson  tells  of  an  old  game  in  which 

each  of  ^  the    contestants  was  given^  lighted  ^''^candle.  Y 
_^The  gaine"was  to  reach  the  goal  with  the^andle  still -^C-. 
^  burning,  "l^oever  did  this  was  a  winner,  whether  he     , 
got  there  first  or  ^  las^  ^  O 

We  are  all  given  a  lighted  candle.     Men  call  our  con- 
V^science   the  *  candle   of    the    Lord.'\Jt    is   our  job  to /7 
go  through    hfe  with  that  candle  still    burning.     And^^S^ 
.^^i^^whoever    reaches  the  goal  with  conjcience  alight  wins  2 
the  game,  -p        ^ 
^^^^^^obody  need  lose  ;  allmay  win.  ^  /  fK^ 

Sometimes  we  are  tempted  to  run  too  fast,   living  for 
wrong  things  or  struggling  after  money;  and  we  get  into  ^1 
/^y/  the  winds  of  temptation.     Then  we  must  slow  up  or  the 

candle  will  go  out.      Sorrow  comes  and  we  have  to  walk    z:^      y 
softly  or  stand  in  silence  for  a  time.      But  it  is  better  xq^^-^-^^'^ 
I'f^^o  slowly  sometimes  than  to  g^^so  fast  that  the  winds  ol  I—/ 

^  the  world  blow  our  candle  out   and    leave ^he   "light 
^Hc/-  that  us  darkness."  C  V  I       / 

M^e^,^y  ^^^_^^^  John  Doe.   ^.c, 

/— /  ^      -,  1, 

_,  >-  INDORSED  ^  J 

t>^  "  My  husband (awa^V^^    He  has  sent  me  this  check, 
and    I    want  to   get  it   cashed,^said    a    young   wife   to  v^ 
a  clerk  at  the  bank,  according  to  an  exchange   though/._L/ 
yy<Th^^  is  hard  to  believe  the  heroine  was  an  up-to-date  Cali-  -V 
rZT   lornia  woman.   (_^'Yes,  madam,"  was  the  clerk's  reply, 
t^ '  but  it  isnt  indorsed.     Sign  it  on  the  back,  please,  and 
your  husband  will  know  that  we  paid  it  to  you." 
^y^e*x-?tThe  young  woman  to  the  desk  and  in  a  moment- camc^  'SlSCl. 
/'Oback  with  the  check  indorsed  thus/  "Your  loving  wife, 
Sophia."  • 


62 


Proof-reader's  Marks 


Key  to  Proof-reader's  Marks 

/A. 

Capital  letters 

^   Paragraph 

Small  caps 

^^  No  paragraph 

UU 

Italics 

7m.    Transpose 

Aom 

Roman 

'^    Raise 

X 

Broken  letter 

i — f-  Lower 

£«^ 

Lower  case 

Let  it  stand 

V 

Even  spacing 

<^^^^^  Let  it  stand 

_L 

Push  down  space 

^       Straighten  lines 

K 

Insert  space 

Q      Period 

v^ 

Less  space 

^  /    Comma 

.^^ 

Close  up 

(p      Colon 

a 

Em  quad  space 

J^  Semicolon 

^ 

Turn  over 

-/     Hyphen 

^ 

Dele  (take  out) 

\/     Apostrophe 

A 

Insert 

"^   Quotation 

^ 

► 

Query 

/--^Z  One-em  dash 

1^1 

Move  to  left  or  right 

/.-^^  Two-em  dash 

(^^^A 

:  Out,  see  copy 

\y    Superior  figure 

M^ 

Wrong  font 

/?V     Inferior  figure 

Punctuation  63 


XIV.  PUNCTUATION 

Avoid  very  close  punctuation,  care  being  taken  not  to 
go  to  the  other  extreme.  The  true  sense  of  a  sentence 
should  be  made  clear.  Beyond  this,  punctuation  is  practi- 
cally superfluous. 

When  a  sentence  is  so  plain  as  to  leave  no  doubt  as  to  its 
meaning,  it  is  worse  than  useless  to  change  the  punctuation. 
This  is  especially  true  of  revises  and  final  proofs,  or  where  a 
proof  has  passed  the  scrutiny  of  another  reader.  Foundry 
proofs  should  rarely  need  such  correction.  Where  the  sense 
cannot  be  made  unmistakably  clearer  thereby,  any  change  of 
punctuation  should  be  scrupulously  avoided  as  a  wanton 
waste  of  time  and,  necessarily,  of  money. 

Accents.  In  setting  lesson  selections  for  the  quarterlies, 
use  the  Pronouncing  Bible  furnished  for  the  purpose,  and 
follow  punctuation  literally.  Insert  all  accents  as  employed 
there,  always  omitting,  however,  accents  in  the  words  Jesus, 
Holy  Ghost,  and  Hol}^  Spirit.  See  IX  and  XI  for  accents 
generally  treated. 

Apostrophe.  As  a  convenience  an  apostrophe  may  be  used 
in  such  expressions  as  "  dot  your  i's,"  "  cross  your  t's,"  "  A 
B  C's "  and  "  P's  and  Q's."  Omit  apostrophe  in  "  bus," 
"  phone,"  and  "  squire."  An  "  s  "  is  not  necessary,  as  a  rule, 
after  the  apostrophe  with  words  in  the  singular  possessive 
ending  in  "  s  "  or  "  z,"  as  "  James'  hat,"  "  Jones'  cane," 
"  Jesus'  words,"  "  Jabez'  peril."  There  are  exceptions,  how- 
ever, where  euphony  demands  the  "  s,"  as  "  Puss's  antics," 
and  in  the  plural,  "  The  Joneses'  party,"  etc.  Omit  the  "  s  " 
also  in  "  conscience'  sake  "  and  "  righteousness'  sake."  Use 
singular  form  in  such  expressions  as  "  Mother's  Day,"  "  print- 
er's ink,"  and  omit  apostrophe  and  "  s "  in  "  state  rights " 
and  "  state  prison,"  but  "  state's  evidence."  In  setting  the 
disputed  "  somebody  else's  "  or  "  somebody's  else,"  use  the 
latter  form,  and  set  oneself,  not  one's  self.  See  XVII,  "  Mis- 
cellaneous." 

Brackets.  Brackets  are  now  little  used  in  the  average  book 
or  periodical.  In  order  to  show  clearly  that  the  added  words 
are  not  the  author's,  it  is  proper  to  enclose  in  brackets  any 
interpolation  that  is  injected  ftito  the  text  of  an  article. 
Brackets    may   also   be   used   to    enclose    introductory   notes, 


64 


Punctuation 


although  parentheses  generally  serve  better.  Brackets  should 
be  used  to  enclose  directions  in  w^ritings  of  a  dramatic  char- 
acter, such  as  [All  Sing],  [Exit],  etc.  See  XI,  "Responsive 
Readings." 

Colon.  A  colon  may  usually  precede  a  run-in  quotation  of 
a  score  or  more  v^^ords.  For  smaller  quotations  a  comma  is 
suflicient,  unless  the  extract  is  introduced  by  an  expression 
actually  demanding  a  colon,  such  as  "Listen  to  this:"  "It 
ran  thus:"  "As  follows:"  etc.  Use  after  introductory  ad- 
dress in  letters  and  reports,  as  Dear  Sir:  To  the  Northern 
Convention:  and  in  Scripture  references,  as  Ps.  5  :  16. 

Comma.  "  The  great  enemies  to  understanding  anything 
printed  in  our  language  are  the  commas."  (Alford.) 

The  conjunction  makes  the  use  of  commas  superfluous  in 
such  sentences  as  this:  "These  were  quiet  and  modest  and 
sensible."  This  does  not  imply,  however,  that  a  comma 
should  never  precede  the  conjunction  "  and."  It  may  be  used 
as  in  these  examples:  "The  first,  second,  and  third  trials," 
"  Some  novel,  striking,  suggestive,  and  startling  features." 

In  connection  with  "  again,"  "  besides,"  "  for,"  "  however," 
"  now,"  "  of  course,"  "  so,"  "  still,"  "  therefore,"  "  too,"  "  also," 
"  verily,"  "  oh,"  and  "  why,"  the  use  or  omission  of  commas 
is  largely  determined  by  the  manner  in  which  these  words 
are  to  be  used.  Commas  are  demanded  in  such  phrases  as 
these:  "Again,  let  us  consider."  "Besides,  such  action  is 
unnecessary."  "  For,  after  all,  that  is  just."  "  This  result, 
however,  was  unexpected."  "  Now,  I  would  rather  not  do 
it."  "  So,  you  see,  we  won  the  prize."  "  Still,  it  is  not  al- 
ways true."  "  Why,  j^ou  promised  me."  "  It  is  not,  there- 
fore, probable."  "  Of  course,  considering,"  etc.  Sometimes 
commas  can  be  omitted:  "Therefore  it  has  been  resolved." 
"Verily  (or  truly)  that  is  astounding."  "  Now  let  us  see 
what  will  occur."  "Why  John!"  "Of  course  it  does,"  etc. 
The  comma  may  be  omitted  in  such  phrases  as  "  consider 
too,"  "this  also";  not  "consider,  too,"  "this,  also."  A  con- 
venient rule  on  commas  and  "  too  "  is  given  in  "  Script  and 
Print":  "When  it  is  followed  by  some  other  word  than  a 
verb  omit  the  comma  preceding  'too';  when  it  is  imme- 
diately followed  by  a  verb  omit  both."  Example:  "And  this 
too  (or  also)  means  that,"  etc.  "Call  the  men  and  women 
too,  (or  also,)  that  every  one  may  hear."  In  the  common 
expression  "Oh  dear!"  the  comma  is  unnecessary,  while  in 
a  fuller  phrase  it  is  often  called  for,  as  "  Oh,  I  remember 
now,"  "  Oh,  how  delightfully  the  band  played,"  etc. 


Punctuation  65 


Omit  comma  after  "  entitled  "  and  "  called  "  in  such  sen- 
tences as  these:  "The  book  was  entitled  'Winning  His 
Way,'  "  "  Stories  called  '  Yellowstone  Nights.'  " 

Omit  comma  in  phrases  like  "  rejoined  James  cheerfully." 
When  a  verb  takes  the  place  of  the  adverb  use  the  comma, 
as  "  responded  William,  smiling."  Omit  also  in  phrases  like 
these:  "John  the  Baptist,"  "Herod  the  king,"  "Mary  the 
mother  of  Jesus,"  "  Paul  the  apostle,"  "  Henry  of  Navarre," 
"  Mother  dear,"  etc.  But  "  Paul,  the  apostle  to  the  Gen- 
tiles,". "  Joseph  Smith,  of  Lancaster,  Pa." 

The  comma  is  preferable  to  the  colon  in  introducing  short 
quotations,  consisting  of  less  than  a  score  of  words.  See 
"  Colon." 

There  are  cases  where  commas  are  demanded  by  common 
sense.  This,  for  example:  "The  professor  said  the  boot- 
black was  a  learned  man."  The  sense  becomes  different 
when  commas  are  used:  "The  professor,  said  the  bootblack, 
was  a  learned  man."  So  when  the  objective  precedes  the 
nominative:  "To  the  good,  old  age  is  a  time  of  content." 
"  To  the  timid,  horses  of  spirit  are  a  terror."  There  are, 
however,  many  sentences  of  this  character  where  the  comma 
is  entirely  unnecessary.  For  use  of  comma  with  signatures, 
see  HI,  "  Signatures." 

Dash.  "  The  dash  is  a  cover  for  ignorance  as  to  the  use  of 
points,  and  it  can  answer  no  other  purpose."  (Cobbett.) 
This  may  be  sweeping,  but  it  is  true  that  the  dash  is  spar- 
ingly used  by  accomplished  writers  and  printers.  A  phrase 
summing  up  the  gist  of  a  sentence  consisting  of  several 
members  may  conveniently  be  preceded  by  an  em  dash.  The 
em  dash  is  also  of  value  in  a  long  or  involved  sentence  to 
enclose  a  phrase  where  parentheses  are  not  used,  and  where 
commas  would  be  too  weak  to  carry  the  meaning  clearly. 
"  There  is  seldom  any  need  of  the  comma,  semicolon,  or 
colon  before  the  dash."  (De  Vinirc.)  It  may  be  said  that  if 
the  dash  is  used,  the  addition  of  a  comma  can  scarcely  add 
anything  to  its  real  value  as  a  mark  of  punctuation.  The 
"  comma-dash,"  indeed,  presents  the  anomaly  of  two  points 
of  punctuation  being  used  in  one  place  without  gaining  the 
slightest  practical  advantage  thereby.  A  two-em  dash  should 
be  used  to  denote  a  sudden  break  or  cut-of¥  in  an  unfinished 
sentence,  whether  conversational  or  didactic,  and  if  quotes 
are  called  for  they  follow  the  dash.     Use  two-em  dash  with 

initials    representing    surnamee,    thus:    Mrs.    B ,    Colonel 

W ,  Doctor  S .     Use  an  en  dash  instead  of  a  hyphen 


66  Punctuation 


in  compounding  words  in  lines  consisting  of  capital  letters. 
Do  not  use  a  dash  after  addresses  such  as  Dear  Sir:  a  colon 
is  sufficient. 

Exclamation-point.  Be  careful  that  the  sentence  is  really 
exclamatory,  as  "  Flee  for  your  lives!  "  "  Fire!  Fire!!  "  Sen- 
tences followed  by  such  expressions  as  "  he  cried,"  "  she  ex- 
claimed," "  was  shouted,"  etc.,  or  in  which  such  stress  is  im- 
plied, naturally  take  an  exclamation-point,  but  to  use  this 
point  in  such  mild  sentences  as  the  following  is  of  doubtful 
propriety:  "  How  careful  he  is,"  "Think  of  the  effect  of  such 
deeds." 

Hyphen.  Use  hyphen  after  first  adjective  in  such  cases  as 
"  gun-  and  rifle-firing,"  "  corn-  and  wheat-producing  coun- 
try," etc. 

Use  to  connect  verses  of  Scripture  in  references,  as  John 

14  :  1-6,  also  other  references,  as  Canto  IV,  lines  10-20.  Do 
not  employ  the  hyphen  when  parts  of  two  chapters  are  to 
be  connected;  set  thus:  John   14  :  10  to   15  :  6,  not   14  :  10- 

15  :  6.  See  "References."  In  dates  use  hyphen  thus:  Jan- 
uary 1-10;  but  January  1,  2.  Where  numbers  occur  in  un- 
broken order  use  comma  instead  of  hyphen,  as  follows:  April 
10,  11,  not  10-11;  but  April  12-15,  etc.  In  the  same  manner, 
1856,  1857;  1855-1859.  In  spelled-out  colloquial  allusions  to 
time,  where  the  noun  is  left  out,  hyphenize  the  adjective  as 
though  the  noun  were  given,  as  "  We  start  promptly  at  nine- 
thirty,"  but  omit  hyphen  in  such  an  expression  as  "  three 
forty-five"  ("o'clock"  being  implied).  Omit  hyphen  in  such 
words  as  cooperation,  coordination,  preeminence,  preempt, 
reelect,  etc.,  also  in  such  names  as  Fairfax  Court  House. 
Follow  copy  as  to  hyphenation  of  Palestinian  names  begin- 
ning with  "  el,"  "  tel,"  and  "  wady,"  with  the  exception  of 
Tel  el-Amarna.  Omit  hyphen  in  such  expressions  as 
"  twelve  per  cent  interest,"  "  two  per  cent  solution,"  etc. 

Parentheses.  Use  m,ainly  to  enclose  references  and  notes. 
In  the  majority  of  instances  parentheses  should  replace 
brackets  in  enclosing  introductory  notes  and  explanatory  in- 
terpolations to  the  text,  as  "  He  (Jesus)  said,"  etc.  See 
"  References." 

Period.  Omit  period  after  roman  numerals  when  used  in 
such  cases  as  Chapter  I,  Henry  IV,  Part  VIII,  etc.  In  most 
cases  the  period  may  be  omitted  at  end  of  lines  on  title- 
pages  and  display  matter.  Elisions  of  words  or  lines  are 
indicated  by  three  periods;   or  by  a  comma  or  other  point 


Punctuation  67 


and  two  periods,  thus  ...  ;  .  .  !  .  .  ?  .  .  In  poetry,  to  in- 
dicate that  lines  are  omitted,  use  a  line  of  periods,  seven  in 
number,  properly  centered  and  separated  by  two-em  quad- 
rats. Such  nicknames  as  Alex,  Ben,  Em,  Fred,  and  Will  do 
not  take  the  period. 

Quotation-marks.  Nicknames  are  not  quoted:  the  Little 
Corporal,  the  Nutmeg  State.  Neither  are  names  of  animals, 
boats,  chapel  cars,  and  ships:  Black  Beauty,  Sea  Bird,  Evan- 
gel, Lusitania. 

Quote  as  a  rule  anything  preceded  by  such  words  as 
"  Termed,"  "  entitled,"  "  known  as." 

Quotes  wuthin  quotes  are  sometimes  necessary.  "  Yes," 
replied  Willie,  "  I  met  Mr.  Smith,  and  asked  him,  '  Did  you 
get  my  letter?  '  and  he  said,  '  I  did;  but  unfortunately  I  cannot 
let  you  have  the  book  entitled  "  How  to  Get  a  Dollar,"  be- 
cause I  have  loaned  it  to  Teddy  Wilson.'  " 

Punctuation  should  be  outside  the  quotation-marks  unless 
it  is  a  part  of  the  quotation,  when  it  should  be  within  the 
quotation-marks.  Examples:  (1)  Have  you  read  "King 
Lear"?  (2)  The  following  is  from'  "Old  Curiosity  Shop"; 
(3)  The  subject  discussed  was,  "  Is  honesty  the  best  policy?  " 
An  exception  is  made  in  regard  to  comma  and  period. 
These  should  always  be  placed  within  the  quote.  See  XI 
and  XVI. 

When  a  passage  of  Scripture  is  freely  rendered  in  collo- 
quial phraseology,  quotation-marks  may  be  used.  For  ex- 
ample: "Suffer  the  little  children  to  come  unto  me,  and  for- 
bid them  not."  These  are  the  words  of  Jesus,  a  direct  quo- 
tation from  Scripture.  In  describing  the  scene  a  writer  uses 
these  words:  "To  the  disciples  he  (Jesus)  said,  '  Never  again 
keep  the  children  from  me,'  "  To  quote  "  never  again,"  etc., 
is  not  likely  to  give  a  false  impression,  although  not  an  exact 
quotation. 

Omit  quotes  in  Golden  Texts  and  Memory  Verses  in  lesson 
periodicals,  and  quotations  in  smaller  type  at  head  of  chap- 
ters in  books  when  reference  or  credit  is  given.  When 
poetry  and  biblical  or  other  extracts  occur  in  the  body  of  an 
article,  and  are  set  in  smaller  type  than  the  text,  quotation- 
marks  are  not  needed;  but  if  not  set  in  smaller  type  they 
must  always  be  quoted,  whether  accompanied  by  reference  or 
not.  In  Scripture  quotations  making  each  a  paragraph  in  a 
special  department,  quotes  rtKiy  be  omitted  if  reference  is 
given. 


68  Punctuation 


In  departments  of  periodicals  made  up  of  selections,  some 
of  which  are  original  and  some  reprint,  follow  copy  if  the 
editor  of  the  department  uses  quotation-marks  at  beginning 
and  end  of  an  item  or  article,  but  do  not  use  quotes  if  the 
editor  has  omitted  them,  and  never  if  formal  credit  is  given 
at  end  of  item  or  article. 

When  the  name  of  a  book  and  an  article  or  chapter  in  the 
book  are  mentioned  together,  quote  the  book,  but  not  the 
article:  "History  of  France,"  chapter  on  The  Edict  of 
Nantes.  Omit  quotes  in  such  general  references  as:  Ency- 
clopedias, article  Eschatology.  There  are  books  whose  an- 
tiquity or  universal  use  renders  the  employment  of  quotation- 
marks  superfluous.  Among  these  are  the  Bible,  the  works 
of  Homer,  Virgil,  and  Caesar,  the  Vedas,  and  various  encyclo- 
pedias and  dictionaries,  as  the  Iliad,  the  ^neid,  Caesar's 
Commentaries,  the  Rig-Veda,  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  the 
Century  Dictionar}',  etc. 

References  of  a  simple  character  occurring  at  the  end  of  a 
Scripture  sentence  are  enclosed  in  parentheses,  the  period 
following  the  parenthesis,  as  "  Whether  we  be  bond  or  free  " 
(1  Cor.  12  :  13).  In  the  case  of  composite  references,  where 
words  of  direction  accompany  the  references,  make  the  com- 
bination an  independent  sentence,  placing  the  period  inside 
the  parenthesis  and  using  an  en  quadrat  or  spaceband  before 
the  reference:  "Covet  earnestly  the  best  gifts."  (Read  Job 
6  :  14.)  Or,  (Compare  carefully  2  Cor.  16  :  11.)  When  a 
reference  includes  parts  of  two  chapters  set  thus:  (12  :  5  to 
13  :  10).  Use  comma  and  hyphen  as  follows:  Rom.  5  :  1,  2, 
not  1-2;  but  iRom.  5  :  1-10.  When  a  reference  consists  of 
chapters  onl}'^,  use  the  preposition  to  emphasize  the  fact,  as 
Rom.  1  to  8;  Acts  6  to  12,  but  Acts  6  and  7.  When  a  biblical 
reference  is  preceded  by  a  non-scriptural  sentence  with  or 
without  quotation-marks,  end  the  sentence  with  period,  and 
treat  the  reference  as  an  ordinary  sentence  enclosed  in  paren- 
theses: (John  14  :  20.)  Proof-readers  are  not  expected  to 
verify  Scripture  references.  Follow  copy  unless  there  is 
reason  to  believe  an  error  has  been  made,  when  the  item 
may  be  queried. 

Scripture  Selections.  The  punctuation,  capitalization,  etc., 
of  Scripture  selections  used  in  lesson  periodicals  should  con- 
form to  that  of  the  version  authorized  by  the  editor.  In  set- 
ting selections  from  the  Revised  version  use  the  American 
Standard,  unless  otherwise  directed. 


Signaturing — Spacing  69 

Semicolon.  Use  to  divide  simple  sentences  where  the 
comma  will  not  keep  the  meaning  sufficiently  distinct,  as  in 
this  example:  "As  I  walk  along  these  cliffs  and  hear  the 
Atlantic  breakers  pounding  against  their  base,  far  below;  as 
I  watch  the  sea-gulls  circling  around  on  their  strong  white 
wings;  as  I  realize  the  strength,  the  force,  the  liberty  in  na- 
ture; the  growth  and  progress  that  accompany  life — I  feel  I 
have  never  really  lived."  One  of  its  most  important  uses  is 
in  sentences  where  each  member  is  nearly  or  quite  complete 
in  itself:  "  In  the  regions  inhabited  by  angelic  natures,  un- 
mingled  felicity  forever  blooms;  joy  flows  there  with  a  per- 
petual and  abundant  stream." 

Use  to  separate  references,  as  John  4  :  20;  Acts  1  :  10. 

XV.  SIGNATURING 

Various  methods  of  signaturing  a  book  are  employed. 

1.  Figures.  When  the  folios  are  at  the  top  of  the  page, 
figures  may  be  used.  These  should  be  slightly  smaller  than 
the  folio  figures.  When  folios  are  set  at  bottom  of  page, 
some  other  method  should  be  adopted. 

2.  Letters.  Capital  letters.  A,  B,  C,  etc.,  may  be  used. 
When  a  book  exceeds  four  hundred  pages  the  alphabet  may 
be  repeated  in  a  number  of  ways,  e.  g.,  A,  2A,  or  Al,  A*, 
and  so  on  ad  infinitum,  it  being  a  matter  of  taste  which  form 
is  used,  so  that  the  various  forms  can  be  accurately  as- 
sembled for  binding. 


XVI.  SPACING 

Elisions.  In  using  the  French  "  de  "  and  "  le  "  or  "  la," 
when  the  "  e  "  is  elided  there  should  be  no  space  between 
the  apostrophe  and  the  noun,  as  D'Orsay,  I'histoire.  This 
does  not  hold  true  in  Italian,  however,  as  dell'  Evangelo, 
r  uomo,  where  a  thin  space  should  separate  the  apostrophe 
and  noun. 

Em  Quadrat.  (1)  In  separating  sentences  the  em  quadrat  is 
not  always  essential.  In  medium-spaced  lines  it  should  al- 
ways be  used;  but  when  it  is  necessary  to  thin-space  or  wide- 
space  a  line,  the  space  between  sentences  occurring  in  such 


70  Spacing 


lines  may  be  slightly  modified  so  as  to  preserve  the  relative 
proportions,  slightly  more  than  an  em  in  a  wide-spaced  and 
slightly  less  in  a  thin-spaced  line.  (2)  An  em  quadrat  sepa- 
rating short,  sharp  exclamlations  looks  awkward.  An  en 
quadrat  is  better.  E.  g.,  "Fire!  Fire!"  "Quick!  Help!" 
Where  a  single  word  exclamation  is  followed  by  another 
consisting  of  two  or-  more  words,  each  may  be  treated  as 
an  independent  sentence,  unless  both  occur  as  part  of  and 
within  a  sentence,  as  "  He  shouted  '  Danger!  Look  out  there!  ' 
and  saved  himself."  In  such  a  case  an  em  quadrat  after 
"Danger!"  w^ould  cut  the  sentence  into  halves. 

Single  Letter  Abbreviations.  In  spacing  out  a  line  do  not 
drive  over  one  letter  of  A.  D.,  B.  C,  D.  D.,  M.  A.,  a.  m., 
p.  m.,  etc.  If  necessary,  rather  omit  space  between  such 
letters.  Wide  spacing  between  the  letters  of  these  and  simi- 
lar abbreviations  is  always  to  be  avoided. 

Poetry.  When  a  line  of  poetry  does  not  run  over  there  is 
no  excuse  for  its  being  wide-spaced.  The  runover  of  a  line 
is  indented  two  ems  more  than  the  line  it  completes.  Poems 
having  several  lines  of  greater  length  than  the  average  must 
be  centered  by  running  over  the  long  lines.  The  following 
items  may  be  useful  for  reference:  (1)  An  iambic  foot  con- 
sists of  a  short  syllable  followed  by  a  long  one.  (2)  A  long- 
meter  verse  may  consist  of  four,  six,  or  eight  lines,  each  of 
foyr  iambic  feet.  (3)  Common  meter:  four,  six,  or  eight 
lines  alternately  of  four  and  three  feet.  (4)  Short  meter: 
the  first  two  lines  have  three  feet,  the  third  line  four  feet, 
and  the  fourth  line  three  feet.  In  verses  written  in  either 
of  the  meters  mentioned,  or  in  others  coinmonly  used,  lines 
that  rhyme  may  receive  the  same  indention;  but  in  poems  of 
unusual  or  peculiar  meter  the  safe  course  will  be  to  follow 
copy. 

Quotation.  Quotation-marks,  when  used  merely  to  show 
that  a  poem  is  not  original,  should  be  set  outside  the  inden- 
tion, but  all  quotation-marks  that  belong  to  and  are  a  part  of 
the  poem  itself  must  be  set  within  the  indention. 

References.  When  a  reference  commences  a  sentence, 
where  in  hand  composition  it  has  been  the  custom  to  use  an 
en  quadrat,  linotype  operators  should  employ  a  spaceband 
only.  In  linotype  composition,  when  setting  references  con- 
sisting of  chapter  and  verse,  as  John  14  :  1,  use  thin  space 
before  the  colon  and  en  quadrat  after  it,  in  order  to  preserve 


spelling  71 


the  visual  equality  of  space  before  and  after  the  colon,  ex- 
cept in  narrow  measures  or  closely  spaced  lines,  where  the 
thin  space  may  be  omitted  and  the  en  quadrat  be  replaced  by 
a  thin  space. 


XVII.  SPELLING 

A  and  An.  "  A  eulogy,"  "  a  European,"  "  a  ewe "  (and 
other  nouns  having  the  initial  "y"  sound),  "a  heroic,"  "a 
historical,"  "a  hope,"  "a.  hospital,"  "a  hotel,"  "a  humble"; 
but  "  An  heirloom,"  "  an  honest,"  "  an  hour-glass."  "  A  "  is 
used  (1)  before  a  consonant,  or  (2)  consonant  sound,  or  (3) 
a  vowel  preceded  by  a  decided  aspirate.  "An"  is  used  (1) 
before  a  vowel  sound,  or  (2)  where  an  initial  "  h  "  is  silent. 

Accents.  In  setting  ancient  Greek  and  the  modern  lan- 
guages the  accents  must  not  be  omitted.  Use  the  accents 
also  in  partially  anglicized  French  words;  also  in  Santa  Fe, 
San  Jose,  and  in  poetical  use  of  beloved  and  blessed.  Omit 
the  dieresis  in  aerate,  aerial,  cooperate,  reexamine,  zoology, 
and  the  accent  in  the  anglicized  words  employee  and  neg- 
ligee,    See  IX. 

Afterward,  Backward,  Forward,  Toward.     In  these  words 

do  not  use  "  s." 

I 
Awhile.     One  word,  as  "  Rest  awhile,"  except  when  pre- 
ceded by  a  preposition,  as  "  Once  in  a  while." 

Beside.  So  used  when  referring  to  place  or  condition,  "  He 
sat  beside  her,"  "  He  was  beside  himself,"  Add  the  "  s " 
when  num.ber  or  quantity  is  expressed,  as  "  Besides  women 
and  children,"  "  So  much  besides." 

Bible  Names.  In  comments  accompanying  lesson  texts,  set 
Bible  names  in  style  used  in  the  text,  except  that,  unless 
otherwise  desired  by  author  or  editor,  the  diphthong  may  be 
omitted  in  such  words  as  Judsea,  Perasa,  Judaean,  Galilsean, 
etc.  See  "  Diphthong  "  below.  Where  the  text  of  both  Au- 
thorized and  Revised  versions  accompany  comments,  the 
author's  spelling  should  be  accepted,  providing  it  agrees 
with  one  of  the  versions.  Proof-readers  will  note  that,  as  the 
several  versions  do  not  always  agree  in  this  respect,  when 
the  text  does  not  accompany  articles  wherein  Bible  names 
occur,    the    style    authorized    by    Schaff's    or    Smith's    Bible 


72  Spelling 


Dictionary  may  be  adopted,  except  in  books  or  articles  of  a 
scholarly  character,  where  copy  should  be  followed. 

Chemicals.  Chloride,  iodide,  oxide,  and  sulphide,  not 
chlorid,  oxid,  sulfid,  etc,  CaflFeine,  morphine,  strychnine;  but 
in  some  preparations  the  final  "  e  "  is  omitted,  as  in  glycerin, 
lanolin,  lupulin.  In  setting  chemical  formulae  follow  copy 
literally. 

Diphthong.  Omit  in  commonly  used  words  such  as  anes- 
thetic, esthetic,  Judea,  maneuver,  medieval,  P.erea;  but  use  in 
dramatis  personae,  and  in  Latin  quotations. 

"  Ei "  and  "  ie."  When  these  have  the  long  "  e  "  sound 
after  "  c,"  the  combination  is  "  ei,"  as  ceiling,  perceive;  but 
after  any  other  letter,  the  combination  is  "  ie,"  as  achieve, 
grieve,  siege.  "  Leisure  "  and  "  seize  "  are  exceptions.  When 
"  ei  "  has  the  sound  of  "  a  "  in  late,  it  may  follow  any  con- 
sonant, as  neighbor,  sleigh,  veiling,  etc. 

Farther,  Further.  "Script  and  Print"  gives  this  rule: 
"  The  one  means  distance,  the  other  means  addition  to  a 
thing  already  stated  or  done.  For  example,  '  I  said  further, 
that  on  no  condition  would  I  go  farther  than  two  miles  with 
him.'  " 

Foreign  Words.  Retain  Latin  form  in  plural  of  appendix, 
formula,  index,  memorandum,  etc.,  but  set  in  roman:  appen- 
dices, formulae,  indices,  memoranda.  The  Italian  "  signore  " 
drops  the  "  e  "  when  preceding  a  noun  commencing  with  any 
other  letter  than  "  s."  , 

"  Ful  "  and  "  fuls."  A  bucketful,  two  bucketfuls;  a  spoon- 
ful, two  spoonfuls,  etc.  Not  two  buckets  full,  two  spoons 
frll,  unless  there  are  two  buckets  or  two  spoons.  So  with 
other  nouns  when  used  in  the  sense  of  a  measure. 

Geographic.     Buenos  Aires,  Tokyo. 

Illiterate  Phraseology  and  Slang.  Jn  aren't,  're  (are),bein' 
(and  others  where  "g"  only  is  omitted),  can't,  don't, 
shouldn't,  weren't,  won't,  wouldn't,  the  spelling  is  plain.  In 
words  where  more  than  one  letter  is  elided  use  apostrophes 
to  indicate  the  contraction:  'a'  (have),  'n'  (and),  sha'n't,  etc. 
The  diversity  of  style  used  by  various  authors  in  writing 
slang  makes  it  impossible  to  formulate  any  satisfactory 
working  rule  as  to  spelling.  Follow  copy  in  the  absence  of 
special  instructions. 


Sample  Indices  -  73 


Miscellaneous.  Set  the  following  words  as  here  given: 
beaux,  Cortez,  despatch,  dike,  diskus,  egret,  employee,  en- 
close, entrust,  Eskimo,  eyrie,  gourmand,  gruesome,  indorse, 
insure,  Michelangelo,  Mohammed  and  Mohammedan,  Nazi- 
rite,  partisan,  Pittsburgh  (Pa.),  but  all  others  Pittsburg, 
practice  [n],  practise  [v],  program,  reenforce,  skeptic,  skilful, 
tableaux,  traveler,  woe,  woful,  Shakespeare,  Shakespearian 
(not  "  ean  "),  Thomias  a  Kempis,  Tolstoy,  Wycliffe.  Omit 
apostrophe  in  beeswax,  jewsharp,  oneself,  ratsbane,  and 
townspeople.  Retain  it  in  bird's-eye  and  bird's-nest  [adjs], 
lamb's-wool,  and  swan's-down. 

Phonetic  Spelling.  Fantasy  may  be  so  spelled,  but  avoid: 
aline,  brusk,  fantom,  fonetic,  furor,  gage,  gantlet,  hav,  raja, 
rime,  sulfur,  Tatar,  thru,  etc.  Exception  must  be  made  when 
such  spelling  is  technically  demanded  or  directions  for  its  use 
are   given. 


XVIII.  SAMPLE  INDICES 

Unless  otherwise  instructed  set  in  six-point  solid,  half- 
measure,  allowing  one  pica  em  between  columns. 

Munzer,    Thomas:    at    Zwickau,    67        Murton,      John,      an      associate      of 
seq.;    at    Prague   and   Alstedt,    69;  Helwys,  388,  389. 

preaching  against  the  princes,  jy; 
at  Muhlhausen,  79f. ;  at  Niim- 
berg,   80. 

When  set  in  broa»d  measure,  use  leaders  with  figures  flush 
at  right  of  page: 

PAGE 

Problem  of  Fiscal  Years 113,  114 

Petition  as  to  Young  People's  Work 92 

Question,  An  Important 112 

Recommendations: 

On  Report  of  Northern  Faptist  Convention 64 

On  Baptist  World's  Alliance 61 

In  index  work,  names  with  titles  should  be  set  thus:  Wil- 
son, J.  C,  Sr.;  Holmes,  James  H.,  D.  D.;  not  Wilson,  Sr., 
J.  C;  Holmes,  D.  D.,  James  H. 


74  Samples,  Bibliography 

XIX.  SAMPLES,  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1.  Plain  style,  frequently  used: 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Henderson.  Social  Studies  from  the  Christian  Point  of 
Vie\y.  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1909.  A  brief  text-book 
admirably  arranged. 

2.  A  more  elaborate  style,  appropriately  used  at  end  of 
chapters  or  sections  of  a  book: 

Literature  :  Oehler's  edition  of  Tertullian ;  English  translation 
in  "  Ante-Nicene  Fathers  " ;  Neander,  "  Anti-gnosticus,  Spirit  of 
Tertullian,"  and  "  Ch.  History." 

XX.  SAMPLE  LIST  OF  CHARACTERS 

This  form  of  dramatis  personae  may  be  used  unless  otherwise 
instructed : 

CHARACTERS 
Robert  Harold  Gordon,  Jr.  1  tv/t-  • 
Robert  Harold  Gordon,  Sr.  I  ^*"^"^  engmeers. 
Robert  Harold  Gordon,  3d,  or  "  Rob." 
John  Alexander  Christian,  mining  engineer. 

XXI.  SAMPLE  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  page 

In  the  Jaws  of  Death — Frontispiece 

^'Gordon  took  a  sealed  letter  from  the  pocket  referred  to  ". . .  70 
"  Mashinsky  drew  his~  dagger  " 85 

XXII.  SAMPLES,  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

1.  A  style  frequently  required: 

CHAPTER  CONTENTS  page 

I.  Robert  Harold  Gordon,  Jr 11 

II.  Robert  Harold  Gordon,  Sr 24 

III.  Gordon  and  Pete  Taken  Captives  by  Danites ^7 


Samples,  TablcSof  GbntVii?s-*M  '  ^     75 

2.  Table  showing  the  general  divisions  of  a  book : 

CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  I.  General  Principles  page 

I.  The  Worth  of  a  Man 11 

II.  The  Message  of  the  Kingdom 18 

III.  The  Basic  Social  Principles  of  the  Gospel 24 

II.  The  Family 

IV.  Marriage    35 

V.  Divorce 41 

3.  A  more  elaborate  form: 

CONTENTS  page 

Foreword   vii 

Chapter   One.    Theological   Evolution 1 

Progress.  I.  Truth  and  Theology.    II.  Evolution  Marked 

by  Change  in  Point  of  Attention. 

4.  A  useful  style  for  pamphlets  without  chapters : 

CONTENTS  page 

Introduction   5 

Explanation  of  terms  and  their  relationship 8 

The  forms  given  are  those  most  frequently  employed.  In  minor 
particulars  slight  variations  may  be  necessary  for  certain  books. 
The  tables  should  be  set  in  same  type  as  body  of  book. 


Note? 


Notes 


Notes 


